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Knowledge base Updated: February 5, 2026

How is the National Cybersecurity System Organized? A Comprehensive Guide to the Structure and Functioning of Poland's Cyber Protection System

The National Cybersecurity System protects Poland's cyberspace. Learn about its structure and operation.

Marcin Godula Marcin Godula

The National Cybersecurity System (NCS) in Poland is organized to ensure the protection of the country’s cyberspace. It encompasses cooperation between public institutions, operators of essential services, digital service providers, and incident response teams (CSIRT). The NCS structure is based on integrating the activities of these entities, with a central role for the Government Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity, who coordinates actions and ensures compliance with regulations.

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What is the National Cybersecurity System?

The National Cybersecurity System (NCS) is a comprehensive ecosystem of cooperation, information exchange, and coordination of activities between key entities responsible for the cybersecurity of the Republic of Poland. The main goal of the NCS is to ensure the uninterrupted functioning of essential and digital services and to achieve a high level of security of ICT systems on which the smooth operation of the state and economy depends.

The system was established under the Act on the National Cybersecurity System of July 5, 2018. Its structure and tasks comply with the requirements of the EU NIS (Network and Information Security) directive, which obliges member states to raise the level of cybersecurity in key economic sectors.

The NCS integrates the resources and capabilities of many public and private institutions, creating a coherent framework for identifying, preventing, detecting, and responding to incidents and threats in cyberspace. Thanks to close cooperation and information exchange between system participants, Poland is better prepared to counter cyberattacks, minimize their effects, and ensure the continuity of critical infrastructure and services essential for citizens.

Which entities form the core of the National Cybersecurity System?

The core of the National Cybersecurity System is formed by entities of key importance for maintaining critical social and economic activities of the state. These primarily include:

  • Operators of essential services (OES) - entities providing services of fundamental importance for the functioning of society and the economy, such as energy supply, transport, banking, healthcare, water supply, or digital infrastructure.

  • Digital service providers (DSP) - entities offering key services in cloud computing, search engines, and online trading platforms.

  • National-level Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRT) - CSIRT NASK, CSIRT GOV, and CSIRT MON, responsible for incident handling and coordinating response at the national level.

  • Sectoral cybersecurity teams - dedicated teams supporting cybersecurity in individual economic sectors.

  • Entities providing cybersecurity services - companies offering specialized services such as penetration testing, security audits, or incident response.

  • Competent authorities for cybersecurity - ministers responsible for individual economic sectors, supervising the implementation of NCS Act requirements.

In addition to the above entities, the NCS also includes other public institutions such as the Internal Security Agency, Police, Government Security Center, and National Cybersecurity Center. Non-governmental organizations, scientific and academic communities, as well as private entities also play an important role, supporting the system with their knowledge and resources.

What role do national-level CSIRT teams play?

National-level CSIRT (Computer Security Incident Response Team) teams are a key element of the National Cybersecurity System. Their main task is to ensure a coherent and effective incident handling system and coordinate activities in the field of responding to cybersecurity threats on a national scale.

Three national-level CSIRT teams operate in Poland:

  • CSIRT NASK - operated by the Research and Academic Computer Network, handles incidents in the private sector and in the area of digital services.

  • CSIRT GOV - operated by the Internal Security Agency, is responsible for handling incidents in government administration and critical infrastructure.

  • CSIRT MON - operated by the Ministry of National Defense, deals with incidents in the ICT systems of the Polish Armed Forces.

Key tasks of CSIRT teams include:

  • Receiving and handling incident reports from entities covered by the NCS Act.

  • Analyzing and classifying incidents and assessing their impact on system security.

  • Coordinating activities related to incident handling, including technical support for affected entities.

  • Cooperating and exchanging information with other CSIRTs, competent authorities, and foreign partners.

  • Publishing alerts and warnings about threats and recommendations regarding cybersecurity.

  • Conducting preventive and educational activities to raise awareness of cyber threats.

CSIRT teams work closely together, exchanging information about incidents and threats and coordinating actions in case of serious cyberattacks. They can also transfer incident handling to each other if required by the specifics of a given event.

In addition to current incident handling, CSIRTs actively monitor the national cyberspace, identifying potential threats and vulnerabilities. They also cooperate with sectoral cybersecurity teams, supporting them with knowledge and experience.

Effective operation of CSIRT teams is crucial for ensuring the country’s cybersecurity. Thanks to their work, incidents are quickly detected and effectively handled, which minimizes losses and disruptions in the functioning of the state and economy.

Who are the operators of essential services and what are their obligations?

Operators of essential services (OES) are entities providing services of key importance for maintaining critical social and economic activities of the state. Their smooth and uninterrupted functioning has a direct impact on the safety, health, and welfare of citizens, as well as economic stability.

Operators of essential services include energy companies, transport companies, banks, healthcare institutions, water suppliers, and entities managing digital infrastructure. Specific criteria for OES qualification are determined by the regulation of the Council of Ministers, taking into account the number of users of a given service, its geographical scope, and the impact of a potential incident on state functioning.

Operators of essential services have a number of obligations arising from the Act on the National Cybersecurity System. These primarily include:

  • Implementation of effective information security management systems, adequate to identified risks.

  • Regular security audits of IT systems used to provide essential services.

  • Reporting serious incidents to the appropriate national-level CSIRT team and cooperation in their handling.

  • Appointing a person responsible for maintaining contacts with national cybersecurity system entities.

  • Ensuring means enabling coordinated actions in the event of a critical incident.

  • Participation in cybersecurity exercises organized by competent authorities.

Operators are also obliged to continuously analyze risks and implement adequate and proportionate technical and organizational measures to manage this risk. They must ensure the security of IT systems, business continuity, and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of processed data.

Supervision over the fulfillment of obligations by OES is carried out by competent authorities for cybersecurity, i.e., appropriate ministers for individual economic sectors. They can conduct inspections, issue recommendations, and in case of irregularities - impose financial penalties.

Effective fulfillment of obligations by operators of essential services is of fundamental importance for the country’s cybersecurity. Thanks to the implementation of appropriate security standards and efficient cooperation with CSIRTs, the risk of serious incidents and disruptions in the provision of essential services is significantly limited.

What do digital service providers do in the system?

Digital service providers (DSP) are another key group of entities in the National Cybersecurity System. These are companies offering cloud computing services, search engines, and e-commerce platforms, whose uninterrupted availability and security are of significant importance for the functioning of the digital economy and information society.

The main obligations of digital service providers in the field of cybersecurity include:

  • Implementation of adequate and proportionate technical and organizational measures to manage risks to the security of systems and services.

  • Ensuring infrastructure security, business continuity, and confidentiality, integrity, and availability of processed data.

  • Reporting serious incidents to CSIRT NASK and cooperation in their handling.

  • Appointing a representative for contacts with national cybersecurity system authorities, if the company does not have its headquarters in Poland.

Compared to operators of essential services, requirements for DSPs are less restrictive, which results from the specificity and scale of their operations. Nevertheless, due to the growing importance of digital services in the economy and everyday life, ensuring their cybersecurity is becoming an increasingly important challenge.

Digital service providers must continuously monitor threats and vulnerabilities in their systems and implement effective prevention and incident response mechanisms. An important aspect is also educating users on safe use of services and transparent communication in case of incidents.

DSP cooperation with the CSIRT NASK team is crucial for effective incident handling and minimizing their potential effects. Thanks to efficient information exchange and coordination of actions, it is possible to quickly restore service availability and limit losses for users and the economy.

With the dynamic development of the digital services sector, the role of providers in the National Cybersecurity System will continue to grow. Therefore, it is important that these companies actively engage in cooperation with state authorities and constantly improve their security systems, keeping up with the evolving threat landscape in cyberspace.

What does the management structure of the National Cybersecurity System look like?

The management structure of the National Cybersecurity System reflects the complexity and multidimensionality of challenges related to protecting Polish cyberspace. The Council of Ministers is at the head of the system, defining strategic directions of cybersecurity policy and supervising its implementation.

A key role in NCS management is played by the minister competent for computerization, who coordinates activities at the operational level. His tasks include developing the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland, monitoring the implementation of the NCS Act, and international cooperation in this area.

An important body in the management structure is the Government Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity, appointed by the Prime Minister. He is responsible for coordinating government policy in the field of cybersecurity and supervises the functioning of the National Cybersecurity System.

The advisory-opinion body in cybersecurity matters is the Cybersecurity Council. It consists of representatives of key ministries, special services, and external experts. The Council supports the Plenipotentiary in carrying out his tasks and formulates recommendations for the Council of Ministers.

At the operational level, a key role is played by competent authorities for cybersecurity, i.e., ministers responsible for individual economic sectors. They supervise the implementation of NCS Act requirements by operators of essential services, conduct inspections, and impose penalties in case of irregularities.

An important element of the management structure are also national-level CSIRT teams (CSIRT NASK, CSIRT GOV, CSIRT MON), which ensure operational capability to detect, analyze, and respond to incidents. They closely cooperate with operators of essential services, digital service providers, and other entities engaged in cybersecurity.

The Single Point of Contact also plays a significant role in the system, responsible for cooperation with European Union institutions and information exchange with contact points of other member states.

The NCS management structure also includes Sectoral Cybersecurity Teams, created by competent authorities to support operators of essential services in a given sector. These teams serve as a platform for information exchange and best practices and coordinate risk management activities.

The structure is complemented by entities providing cybersecurity services, such as consulting firms, technology solution providers, and training centers. They support NCS participants with expert knowledge and advanced tools.

Effective management of the National Cybersecurity System requires close cooperation and efficient communication between all elements of this complex structure. Only through engagement and coordination of activities at all levels is it possible to effectively counter threats in cyberspace and ensure the security of essential services for citizens and the economy.

What tasks does the Government Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity have?

The Government Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity is a key figure in Poland’s cybersecurity management system. Appointed by the Prime Minister, he is responsible for coordinating government policy in this strategic area and supervises the functioning of the National Cybersecurity System.

The main tasks of the Plenipotentiary include:

  • Developing draft strategic documents, including the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland, and monitoring their implementation.

  • Analysis and evaluation of NCS functioning and formulating recommendations for the Council of Ministers regarding necessary legislative and organizational changes.

  • Coordinating cooperation between public administration bodies, special services, and private entities engaged in ensuring cybersecurity.

  • Representing Poland in international contacts regarding cybersecurity, particularly within the European Union and NATO.

  • Initiating and supporting activities for building national capacity in the field of cybersecurity, including research and development and educational programs.

  • Chairing the work of the Cybersecurity Council and ensuring its smooth functioning.

The Plenipotentiary closely cooperates with the minister competent for computerization, who is responsible for implementing the NCS Act at the operational level. Together they ensure the coherence and effectiveness of the cybersecurity system and respond to emerging challenges and threats.

An important aspect of the Plenipotentiary’s work is also communication and building awareness about cybersecurity. He actively participates in public debate, presenting the government’s position and educating society on safe use of digital technologies.

The Government Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity therefore plays the role of strategic coordinator and leader, ensuring the coherence and effectiveness of actions of the entire ecosystem of entities engaged in protecting Polish cyberspace. His work is of key importance for ensuring the security of citizens, economy, and the state in an era of dynamic technology development and growing threats in the digital world.

What does the Cybersecurity Council do?

The Cybersecurity Council is a key advisory-opinion body in the management structure of the National Cybersecurity System. Its main task is to support the Government Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity in implementing state policy in this strategic area.

The Council consists of representatives of the most important ministries and institutions responsible for national security, including the ministries of national defense, internal affairs and administration, foreign affairs, economy, and finance. It also includes heads of special services - the Internal Security Agency and Military Counterintelligence Service, as well as the Director of the Government Security Center. The composition of the Council is complemented by independent cybersecurity experts, representing scientific and business communities.

The main tasks of the Council include:

  • Providing opinions on draft strategic documents, including the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland, before their submission to the Council of Ministers.

  • Recommending directions of action and priorities in the field of cybersecurity, based on analysis of current threats and challenges.

  • Assessing the state of implementation of the National Cybersecurity System and formulating proposals for necessary legislative and organizational changes.

  • Supporting cooperation and information exchange between various entities engaged in ensuring the country’s cybersecurity.

  • Providing opinions on plans for exercises and cybersecurity tests of national scope and evaluating conclusions from their implementation.

The Council meets regularly, not less than once a quarter. The meetings are chaired by the Government Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity, who sets their agenda and ensures organizational and substantive support.

The strength of the Council is the interdisciplinarity and diversity of perspectives represented by its members. Thanks to this, it is possible to develop comprehensive and balanced recommendations, taking into account the complexity of cybersecurity issues and often different interests and priorities of various ministries and institutions.

The recommendations and opinions of the Council, although not binding, constitute an important reference point for the Plenipotentiary and the Council of Ministers when making strategic decisions regarding the directions of development and improvement of the national cybersecurity system. Therefore, it is important that this body functions efficiently and effectively, providing substantive support for political leadership in this area crucial for state security.

How does cooperation between system entities function?

The effective functioning of the National Cybersecurity System is based on close cooperation and efficient information exchange between all involved entities. The NCS Act creates a legal and organizational framework for this cooperation, defining the roles and obligations of individual system participants.

A key cooperation mechanism is the exchange of information about incidents and cybersecurity threats. Operators of essential services and digital service providers are obliged to report serious incidents to the appropriate CSIRT teams, which in turn share this information with other CSIRTs and with authorities responsible for cybersecurity.

An important role in coordinating cooperation is played by the Single Point of Contact, which is responsible for information exchange with European Union institutions and contact points of other member states. Thanks to this, quick and effective response to cross-border incidents and joint counteraction of threats is possible.

At the operational level, cooperation between CSIRT teams and operators of essential services and digital service providers is of key importance. CSIRTs provide these entities with support in incident handling, share knowledge about threats and security best practices, and conduct training and exercises. In turn, OES and DSP provide CSIRTs with information about incidents and vulnerabilities in their systems.

An important forum for cooperation are also Sectoral Cybersecurity Teams, created by competent authorities to support operators of essential services in a given sector. These teams serve as a platform for information and experience exchange, coordination of activities, and development of common standards and best practices.

Cooperation within the NCS also includes knowledge and experience exchange between different entities. This is served by conferences, workshops, and training programs organized by administration bodies, CSIRTs, and industry organizations. Research and development projects implemented in cooperation between scientific institutions, business, and administration also play an important role.

Effective cooperation also requires appropriate technical tools. A key element of NCS infrastructure is the S46 platform, used for incident reporting and analysis and information exchange between system participants. This platform is constantly being developed to meet growing requirements and ensure the highest level of security of processed data.

Cooperation between entities of the National Cybersecurity System is continuous and multidimensional. It requires engagement and openness of all participants, as well as constant improvement of procedures and tools. Only through efficient cooperation of the entire ecosystem is it possible to effectively counter threats in cyberspace and ensure the security of essential services for citizens and the economy.

How does information exchange about incidents proceed?

Efficient exchange of information about cybersecurity incidents is crucial for the effective functioning of the National Cybersecurity System. It allows for quick detection and response to threats, minimization of attack effects, and drawing conclusions for the future.

The basic obligation of operators of essential services and digital service providers is to report serious incidents to the appropriate national-level CSIRT team. A serious incident is one that has a significant impact on the provision of an essential or digital service, e.g., causes significant disruptions in its availability or data integrity.

Incidents are reported through the dedicated S46 platform, available around the clock. The report must include a description of the incident, its effects, remedial actions taken, and contact details of the reporter. CSIRT confirms receipt of the report and may request additional information necessary for analysis and incident handling.

After receiving a report, CSIRT conducts preliminary analysis and classification of the incident in terms of its criticality. Depending on the results of this analysis, it takes appropriate actions - from technical support for the reporter, through coordination of actions with other entities, to escalation to authorities responsible for crisis management (in case of incidents of very high criticality).

CSIRTs exchange information about incidents through the S46 platform and direct communication channels. Thanks to this, quick transmission of critical information is possible, e.g., about attacks on critical infrastructure or malware campaigns. CSIRTs also cooperate with the Single Point of Contact in reporting cross-border incidents to the CSIRT network at the EU level.

An important aspect of information exchange is also sharing knowledge about vulnerabilities and security best practices. CSIRTs publish alerts and recommendations regarding current threats on their websites and on the S46 platform. They also organize meetings and workshops for operators of essential services and digital service providers, serving for experience exchange and competency building.

Information exchange about incidents is not limited to communication between CSIRTs and reporting entities. Competent authorities responsible for cybersecurity in individual sectors also play an important role. They receive regular reports from CSIRTs on the state of security in supervised sectors and information about serious incidents. Thanks to this, they can take supervisory and regulatory actions, as well as coordinate cooperation between entities in a given sector.

An important forum for information exchange are also Sectoral Cybersecurity Teams. Within these teams, operators of essential services share experiences and best practices, and also develop common standards and incident response procedures. These teams closely cooperate with competent authorities and CSIRTs, ensuring information flow between operational and strategic levels.

Information exchange about incidents also extends beyond national borders. CSIRTs cooperate with foreign counterparts within the CSIRT network, FIRST (Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams), and bilateral agreements. Thanks to this, quick transmission of information about cross-border incidents and coordination of actions on an international scale is possible.

It should be emphasized that information exchange about incidents takes place with the highest standards of security and confidentiality. Data is appropriately classified and protected, and only authorized entities have access to it. At the same time, the system encourages the widest possible sharing of information, according to the principle that in cybersecurity “sharing is caring.”

Effective information exchange about incidents is the foundation of the efficient operation of the National Cybersecurity System. Thanks to it, quick detection and response to threats is possible, minimization of attack effects, and continuous improvement of defense mechanisms. This is a necessary condition for ensuring the security of citizens, economy, and the state in the era of ubiquitous digitization.

What role does the Single Point of Contact play?

The Single Point of Contact (SPC) is a key element of the National Cybersecurity System, responsible for ensuring efficient cooperation and information exchange with European Union institutions and with other member states. Its role is to represent Poland in the EU cybersecurity ecosystem and coordinate cross-border incident response.

According to the Act on the National Cybersecurity System, the function of Single Point of Contact is performed by the Computer Security Incident Response Team CSIRT NASK. Its main tasks include:

  • Receiving reports from operators of essential services, digital service providers, and relevant CSIRTs about serious incidents affecting at least two EU states.

  • Transmitting these reports to single points of contact in other interested member states and to the cooperating CSIRT network (CSIRTs Network) at the EU level.

  • Coordinating cooperation with EU institutions and member states in handling cross-border incidents and preventing and countering cybersecurity threats.

  • Representing Poland in the EU Cooperation Group on Cybersecurity, which serves for information and best practice exchange and development of common standards and procedures.

  • Participation in European cybersecurity exercises and tests, aimed at improving cross-border incident response capabilities.

SPC operates around the clock, ensuring constant contact with foreign partners. It uses dedicated communication channels and platforms, such as the CSIRT network or the early warning system for cybersecurity threats at the EU level.

In addition to incident handling, SPC also plays an important role in capacity building and best practice exchange at the European level. It participates in the work of working groups and EU projects concerning various aspects of cybersecurity, such as ICT product certification, competency development, or cooperation with the private sector. Thanks to this, Poland has an impact on shaping EU cybersecurity policy and can draw from the experiences of other countries.

Effective functioning of the Single Point of Contact is necessary to ensure Poland’s cybersecurity in the context of growing interdependencies and connections within the EU digital single market. Thanks to efficient cooperation and information exchange at the European level, it is possible to effectively counter cross-border threats and quick and coordinated response to incidents of international scope.

At the same time, SPC serves as a “window to the world” for the Polish cybersecurity ecosystem. Thanks to active presence at the EU forum, Poland can promote its achievements and innovations, as well as acquire partners for bilateral cooperation and research and development projects. This is an important element of building our country’s position as a cybersecurity leader in the Central and Eastern Europe region.

What does the identification and registration process of essential service operators look like?

The identification and registration of operators of essential services is a key process in building the National Cybersecurity System. The effectiveness of this process determines proper supervision and support for those entities whose activities are critical for the functioning of the state and economy.

This process is regulated in the Act on the National Cybersecurity System and proceeds in several stages:

  • Preliminary identification - competent authorities for cybersecurity (ministers responsible for individual economic sectors) in cooperation with CSIRT NASK and other relevant entities, conduct preliminary identification of operators of essential services in their sectors. They take into account criteria specified in the Act, such as the dependence of a given service on information systems, its importance for maintaining critical socio-economic activity, and the potential impact of an incident on service provision.

  • Notification of entities - after preliminary identification, competent authorities notify entities about the initiation of proceedings to recognize them as operators of essential services. Entities have 30 days to present their comments and objections.

  • Administrative decision - after considering comments, the competent authority issues an administrative decision recognizing a given entity as an operator of essential services. The decision includes the designation of the sector and subsector in which the operator operates, and indication of the essential service it provides.

  • Entry in the register - after the decision becomes final, the competent authority transfers the operator’s data to the minister competent for computerization, who maintains the register of operators of essential services. Entry in the register is made ex officio and is public (except for classified information).

  • Register update - the process of identifying operators of essential services is continuous. Competent authorities continuously monitor their sectors and if necessary initiate proceedings to recognize additional entities as OES. At the same time, entities already entered in the register have the obligation to inform authorities about any data changes.

Entities recognized as operators of essential services have a number of obligations arising from the Act on the National Cybersecurity System. These include implementation of a security management system, incident reporting, cooperation with CSIRT NASK, and submission to inspections. At the same time, they can count on support from competent authorities and CSIRTs in raising the level of cybersecurity.

Effective identification and registration of OES is not only a formal obligation, but above all a condition for real improvement of the resilience of essential services to cybersecurity incidents. Thanks to including these entities in the NCS system, it is possible to implement coherent security standards, coordinate actions and information exchange in crisis situations, and continuously improve protection mechanisms in response to evolving threats. This is the foundation for ensuring the continuity of critical infrastructure and services of key importance for citizens and the economy.

How is incident handling carried out within the system?

Efficient incident handling is a key element of the functioning of the National Cybersecurity System. The ability to quickly detect, analyze, and neutralize threats and minimize their potential effects on the continuity of essential and digital services depends on it.

The incident handling process within the NCS is multi-stage and involves various entities, depending on the type and scale of the incident. National-level CSIRT teams (NASK, GOV, and MON) play a key role here, serving as the first line of response.

The incident handling process begins with its detection and reporting. Operators of essential services and digital service providers are obliged to report serious incidents to the appropriate CSIRT within 24 hours of their detection. Reports can also come from other entities, such as users, media, or foreign partners.

After receiving a report, CSIRT conducts preliminary analysis and classification of the incident in terms of its criticality. On this basis, it decides on further steps. In case of low-criticality incidents, CSIRT may limit itself to remote support for the reporting entity, e.g., by providing information on how to remove the threat.

In case of higher-criticality incidents, CSIRT proceeds to active handling. This may include:

  • Detailed technical analysis of the incident, including malware examination, system log analysis, etc.

  • Coordination of actions with the reporting entity, including support in securing systems, restoring business continuity, collecting evidence, etc.

  • Information exchange with other CSIRTs and with law enforcement agencies, special services, or foreign partners.

  • Publication of alerts and recommendations for other entities potentially exposed to similar incidents.

  • Escalation to competent authorities and crisis management structures - in case of very high criticality incidents.

In case of cross-border incidents, CSIRT cooperates with the Single Point of Contact to coordinate actions with partners from other EU countries. It can also use support from the CSIRT network at the European level.

An important aspect of incident handling is also post-factum analysis. After completing response actions, CSIRT prepares an incident handling report, which contains a description of the event, actions taken, and conclusions drawn. These reports are used to improve response procedures, identify best practices, and systemic recommendations.

Effective incident handling requires not only technical competencies but also efficient coordination and communication between different entities. Therefore, regular exercises and tests are so important, allowing for improvement of cooperation and coordination of the entire NCS ecosystem.

Thanks to an efficient incident handling system, the National Cybersecurity System is able to effectively counter threats and minimize their negative consequences for the state, economy, and citizens. This is a key element of building cyber resilience and trust in services provided electronically.

How does the system support building cybersecurity competencies?

Building competencies and raising awareness in the field of cybersecurity are key elements of the effective functioning of the National Cybersecurity System. The dynamic development of technology and evolution of threats in cyberspace require continuous improvement of knowledge and skills of all system participants - from IT specialists, through management staff, to ordinary users.

The Act on the National Cybersecurity System imposes on competent authorities (ministers responsible for individual economic sectors) the obligation to support competency development in their sectors. They implement it through:

  • Organization of training, workshops, and exercises - aimed at both cybersecurity specialists and management staff of operators of essential services. The goal is to raise the level of knowledge about current threats, security best practices, and incident response procedures.

  • Creation of sectoral guidelines and recommendations - containing practical guidance on implementing Act requirements, risk management, or building resilient systems. These documents are developed in cooperation with experts and adapted to the specifics of a given sector.

  • Information and best practice exchange - through organization of conferences, seminars, or online cooperation platforms. They enable experience sharing between operators of essential services, as well as interaction with scientists, security solution providers, or public administration.

An important role in supporting competency building is also played by national-level CSIRT teams. In addition to current incident handling, they conduct a number of educational and preventive activities, such as:

  • Publication of alerts and warnings about new threats, along with recommendations for counteraction.

  • Organization of training and workshops for various recipient groups, from SOC specialists to network administrators in small companies.

  • Creation of educational materials, guides, and best practices, available on CSIRT websites.

  • Cooperation with universities and schools in educating future cybersecurity personnel.

At the national level, a key role is played by the minister competent for computerization, who is responsible for coordinating training and awareness policy. He implements it through:

  • Development and implementation of the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland, which defines priorities and directions of action in building competencies.

  • Conducting information and educational campaigns aimed at the general public, promoting safe online behavior.

  • Supporting educational initiatives, such as competitions, hackathons, or scholarship programs for young cybersecurity talents.

  • International cooperation, including participation in experience and best practice exchange programs at the EU and NATO level.

An important element of the competency building ecosystem are also private sector and non-governmental organization initiatives. Technology companies, security service providers, as well as industry associations conduct a number of training, conferences, and certification programs, raising the qualifications of cybersecurity professionals.

Building competencies is a continuous and multidimensional process, requiring the engagement of all participants of the National Cybersecurity System. Only through constant raising of knowledge and awareness levels is it possible to effectively counter threats and build a truly cyber-resilient society. The NCS provides a framework and tools for this process, but its ultimate success depends on the activity and cooperation of the entire ecosystem - administration, business, science, and citizens.

What are the supervision and control mechanisms in the National Cybersecurity System?

The effective functioning of the National Cybersecurity System requires not only efficient cooperation and information exchange but also appropriate supervision and control mechanisms. They aim to ensure that all entities fulfill their obligations arising from the Act on the National Cybersecurity System and maintain the appropriate level of security of their systems and services.

A key role in the supervision and control system is played by competent authorities for cybersecurity, i.e., ministers responsible for individual economic sectors. Their tasks include:

  • Monitoring the application of Act provisions by operators of essential services and digital service providers in supervised sectors.

  • Conducting inspections at operators of essential services to verify compliance with requirements regarding incident management, implementation of security measures, or reporting.

  • Issuing post-inspection recommendations and monitoring their implementation by inspected entities.

  • Imposing administrative penalties in case of irregularities or failure to implement post-inspection recommendations.

Competent authorities cooperate in inspections with CSIRT teams, which provide technical and expert support. CSIRTs can, among other things, conduct security tests of systems at the request of authorities, verify the correctness of incident classification and reporting, or assess the adequacy of implemented security measures.

An important element of the supervision system is also the self-assessment obligation imposed on operators of essential services. They must regularly conduct audits of their security management systems and assess the risk associated with provided services. The results of these reviews must be reported to competent authorities, which can formulate recommendations or initiate inspections based on them.

At the national level, supervision over the functioning of the entire system is carried out by the minister competent for computerization. He is responsible for:

  • Monitoring and evaluating the functioning of the NCS, including analysis of incident data and response effectiveness.

  • Developing proposals for legislative and organizational changes to improve the system.

  • Cooperation with the Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity and the Cybersecurity Council in shaping policy and coordinating actions.

  • Representing Poland in contacts with the European Commission and other member states in matters related to implementing the NIS directive.

The supervision and control system is complemented by accountability and transparency mechanisms. Competent authorities and CSIRTs have the obligation to publish annual reports on their activities, containing statistical data on incidents, information on conducted inspections and their results, and assessment of the state of security in supervised sectors. These reports are publicly available and allow for social control of system functioning.

Effective supervision and control is a condition of trust in the National Cybersecurity System. Thanks to them, all entities are certain that the rules of the game are equal, and any irregularities will be detected and corrected. At the same time, this system cannot be excessively burdensome and restrictive for supervised entities. The key is to find a balance between necessary control and freedom of action and innovation. Therefore, it is important that supervisory mechanisms are based on dialogue, partnership, and common pursuit of the goal, which is to ensure the highest level of cybersecurity for citizens and the economy.

How does the system cooperate with international entities?

Cyberspace knows no borders, and threats occurring in it are often cross-border in nature. Therefore, effective protection of the national digital ecosystem requires close international cooperation. The National Cybersecurity System actively engages in this cooperation, both at the European Union level and within other organizations and agreements.

The basis for cooperation at the EU level is the NIS (Network and Information Security) directive, which establishes a legal and organizational framework for ensuring a high level of security of networks and information systems in all member states. Key elements of this cooperation are:

  • NIS Cooperation Group - a body composed of representatives of member states, the European Commission, and ENISA (European Union Agency for Cybersecurity), serving for information and best practice exchange and coordination of cybersecurity policies.

  • CSIRT Network - a platform for operational cooperation between national incident response teams, enabling efficient information exchange and coordination of actions in case of cross-border incidents.

  • Single Point of Contact - designated by each member state, responsible for communication with EU institutions and other countries in matters related to cybersecurity.

Poland actively participates in these structures, sharing its experiences and drawing from the best practices of other countries. Representatives of Polish administration and CSIRTs participate in regular meetings and exercises, such as Cyber Europe, aimed at improving cooperation and interoperability at the EU level.

An important forum for cooperation is also the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Poland, as a member of the Alliance, actively engages in the work of the Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) in Tallinn, which is responsible for developing NATO capabilities in cybersecurity. Polish experts participate in the Center’s training, exercises, and research projects, contributing to strengthening the Alliance’s cyber defense.

At the bilateral level, Poland develops cooperation in the field of cybersecurity with key partners, such as the USA, Great Britain, Germany, and Israel. This cooperation includes information and experience exchange, joint exercises and training, as well as research and development projects. Particularly intensive are contacts with the United States, with which Poland concluded an agreement on enhanced cooperation in cybersecurity in 2018.

The NCS also actively engages in the work of organizations and initiatives of global scope, such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), or the Global CSIRT Forum. Participation in these bodies allows for knowledge and experience exchange with partners from around the world, as well as shaping global standards and best practices in cybersecurity.

International cooperation within the NCS is multidimensional and constantly evolving in response to new challenges. Its goal is not only to improve the security of Polish cyberspace but also to contribute to building global cyber resilience. Thanks to active presence on the international arena, Poland strengthens its position as a significant player in the field of cybersecurity, capable of shaping policies and standards at the European and global level. This is an important element of building the potential and credibility of our country in the digital era.

How is the development of the National Cybersecurity System planned?

The National Cybersecurity System is a dynamic structure that must constantly evolve to keep up with the changing threat landscape and growing expectations of digital society. Planning the development of the NCS is a complex process, involving many entities and taking into account a number of factors - from technological progress, through legislative changes, to geopolitical conditions.

The key document defining the directions of NCS development is the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland. The current strategy covers the years 2019-2024 and defines five priority areas of action:

  • Development of national security potential in the cyberspace area.

  • Increasing the resilience of critical infrastructure and the public sector to incidents in cyberspace.

  • Increasing the capacity to prevent and combat cybercrime.

  • Building social awareness and competencies in the area of cybersecurity.

  • Strengthening international cooperation for cyberspace security.

In each of these areas, the strategy defines specific goals and actions, assigned to responsible entities. Strategy implementation is continuously monitored, and progress is reported by the Plenipotentiary for Cybersecurity.

An important aspect of planning NCS development is adaptation to changing legal frameworks. A key challenge in the coming years will be the implementation of the NIS 2 directive, which will enter into force in 2024. This directive significantly broadens the scope of entities covered by cybersecurity regulations, including public administration, critical infrastructure, and key ICT service and product providers. This will require an amendment to the Act on the National Cybersecurity System and the issuance of a number of implementing acts.

NCS development also means continuously strengthening operational capabilities. Key importance here is the expansion of CSIRT team potential, both in terms of personnel and technology. Investments are planned in modern tools for threat detection and analysis, automation of incident response processes, and secure information exchange.

An important project is the construction of the National Cybersecurity Center - a central center of competence and coordination, which is ultimately to integrate the activities of all NCS entities. The Center will be responsible for monitoring threats on a national scale, conducting analyses and research, operational support for CSIRTs, and building competencies through training and exercises.

NCS development also means continuously improving cooperation and information exchange mechanisms. Implementation of advanced platforms for automatic threat intelligence exchange and further development of the S46 system as a central incident reporting and analysis tool are planned. An important direction is also strengthening cooperation with the private sector, particularly with critical infrastructure operators and key cybersecurity service providers.

In the strategic dimension, key importance has updating the Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland for the coming years. The new strategy will have to take into account the dynamics of changes in the threat environment, technological progress (e.g., development of artificial intelligence, quantum computing technologies), and evolution of the geopolitical environment. An important aspect will also be integration of cybersecurity goals with broader digital transformation goals of the state.

Planning NCS development is a continuous process, requiring the engagement and cooperation of all stakeholders. Only through openness to change, investment in innovation and human capital, and close cooperation at the national and international level can Poland build a cybersecurity system that will effectively protect citizens, the economy, and the state in the era of the digital revolution.

What changes does the amendment to the NCS Act provide for?

The amendment to the Act on the National Cybersecurity System, which entered into force in 2022, introduces a number of significant changes aimed at strengthening the resilience of Polish cyberspace and adapting national legal frameworks to new challenges and international standards. Key changes include:

  • Extension of the Act’s scope - the amendment broadens the catalog of entities covered by regulations to include additional sectors, such as digital infrastructure, e-commerce platforms, or trust services. This means that more companies will have to implement Act requirements and cooperate with NCS authorities.

  • Strengthening requirements for operators of essential services - the amendment introduces more detailed and restrictive requirements in risk management, incident reporting, and implementation of security measures. Operators will have to conduct regular security audits and penetration tests of their systems.

  • Creation of sectoral cybersecurity teams - the Act provides for the establishment of dedicated teams for individual economic sectors, which will support operators of essential services in implementing cybersecurity requirements and responding to incidents.

  • Strengthening CSIRT competencies - the amendment expands the powers of CSIRT teams in conducting inspections and audits at operators of essential services and digital service providers. CSIRTs will also be able to issue binding post-inspection recommendations and impose financial penalties for non-compliance with regulations.

  • Creation of the Cybersecurity Fund - the Act creates a special fund, financed from the state budget and penalties imposed by NCS authorities. Funds from the fund will be allocated to projects strengthening national potential in cybersecurity, such as scientific research, training, or infrastructure investments.

  • Strengthening international cooperation - the amendment emphasizes strengthening cooperation with foreign partners, particularly within the EU and NATO. It provides for more efficient information exchange mechanisms about threats and Poland’s participation in international projects and cybersecurity exercises.

  • Increasing transparency and control - the Act introduces new reporting obligations for NCS authorities, including the need to publish annual activity reports. It also strengthens the role of Parliament in supervising system functioning, including by considering annual information from the Council of Ministers on the state of national cybersecurity.

The amendment to the NCS Act is a response to the dynamically changing threat environment and growing social expectations regarding the security of digital services. The introduced changes aim to strengthen the resilience of key economic sectors, improve coordination of actions and information exchange, and increase the country’s potential in preventing and responding to incidents.

Implementation of the amended provisions will require significant effort from all NCS participants - from public administration, through operators of essential services, to cybersecurity solution providers. Key will be ensuring appropriate resources, competencies, and tools to carry out new tasks, as well as effective cooperation and communication between all stakeholders.

The ultimate test of the effectiveness of the amended Act will be the practice of its application in the face of real threats and incidents. Only through continuous improvement and adaptation to changing conditions will the National Cybersecurity System be able to effectively protect Polish cyberspace and support the safe development of the digital economy.

How will the creation of the NASK Cybersecurity Center affect the system?

The creation of the NASK Cybersecurity Center (CC NASK) is a strategic project aimed at strengthening Poland’s potential in preventing and responding to threats in cyberspace. The Center, operating within the Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK), will serve as a key center of competence and coordination, supporting the functioning of the National Cybersecurity System.

The impact of CC NASK on the cybersecurity system will be multidimensional. First of all, the Center will significantly strengthen analytical and operational capabilities at the national level. It will conduct advanced research and development work on new methods of detecting, analyzing, and combating cyber threats. Thanks to this, CSIRT teams and other NCS entities will have access to the latest knowledge and tools, allowing for more effective protection of Polish cyberspace.

The Center will also serve as a central point for threat intelligence exchange between different entities - from operators of essential services, through security solution providers, to foreign partners. Thanks to this, faster detection and response to incidents of national and cross-border scope will be possible.

An important aspect of CC NASK’s activity will be building cybersecurity competencies and awareness. The Center will conduct wide-ranging educational and training activities, aimed at both professionals (administrators, SOC specialists, law enforcement) and the general public. The goal will be to raise the level of knowledge and practical skills in safe use of digital technologies.

CC NASK will also play a key role in supporting the development of the Polish cybersecurity ecosystem. It will closely cooperate with domestic companies and start-ups offering innovative solutions in this area. Through acceleration programs, support in research commercialization, and facilitating access to foreign markets, the Center will stimulate the development of the domestic cybersecurity sector, thereby strengthening the country’s potential and strategic autonomy.

No less important will be CC NASK’s role in strengthening international cooperation. The Center will represent Poland in key initiatives and organizations, such as ENISA, NATO CCD COE, and FIRST. Thanks to active participation in international research projects, exercises, and best practice exchange, CC NASK will strengthen Poland’s position as a significant player in the global cybersecurity arena.

The creation of the NASK Cybersecurity Center is a milestone step in the development of the National Cybersecurity System. Thanks to the concentration of resources, competencies, and tasks in one specialized center, it will be possible to achieve a synergy effect and a step improvement in the country’s ability to protect cyberspace. CC NASK will be a kind of “brain” of the system - analyzing threats, developing innovative solutions, and coordinating the actions of various entities in the face of crises.

Of course, full utilization of the Center’s potential will require time, resources, and close cooperation of all stakeholders. Key will be ensuring adequate funding, attracting the best talents, and developing effective cooperation mechanisms with the private sector, scientific community, and foreign partners. If these conditions are met, CC NASK has a chance to become a real game-changer, setting new cybersecurity standards in Poland and the region.

In summary, the creation of the NASK Cybersecurity Center is a strategic investment in the security and future of Polish cyberspace. By strengthening analytical, operational, and research and development potential, the Center will contribute to more effective protection of key state and economy resources against cyber threats.

The concentration of competencies and resources in a specialized unit will allow achieving a scale and synergy effect unattainable in a dispersed model. CC NASK will be able to conduct more advanced research, respond faster to incidents, and more effectively support other entities of the National Cybersecurity System.

The Center’s activity in building awareness and education will contribute to raising the general level of cybersecurity hygiene in society. Through training, information campaigns, and cooperation with the education sector, CC NASK will shape a new generation of aware users and cybersecurity professionals.

Support for the development of the Polish cybersecurity ecosystem is an investment in the innovation and competitiveness of our economy. A strong, local sector of cybersecurity solution providers is not only economic benefits but also a guarantee of sovereignty and strategic autonomy of the state in the digital era.

Finally, CC NASK’s active presence on the international arena will strengthen Poland’s position as a cybersecurity leader in the region. Thanks to participation in key initiatives and partnerships, we will have a real impact on shaping global policies and standards in this area.

The creation of the NASK Cybersecurity Center is a milestone in the development of the National Cybersecurity System, but also the beginning of a new chapter in the history of Polish cyberspace. A chapter in which the security of the digital world becomes a strategic priority of the state, and Poland gains the tools and competencies to effectively face the challenges of the 4.0 era.

We still have a long way to go to fully realize this vision. Further investments, hard work, and engagement of all stakeholders will be needed - from public administration, through business, to scientific communities and citizens. The NASK Cybersecurity Center gives us a solid foundation and tools to undertake this effort.

In an era when every aspect of our lives and state functioning depends on safe and stable cyberspace, investment in projects such as CC NASK is not a choice, but a necessity. It is an investment in our future, competitiveness, and sovereignty. And although its effects will not always be immediately visible, they will certainly determine our security and prosperity in the coming decades.

The National Cybersecurity System, strengthened by the potential of the NASK Cybersecurity Center, is our key to a safe and prosperous Poland in the digital world of the 21st century. It is our way to fully utilize the potential of digital transformation while minimizing the risks accompanying it. It is finally our insurance policy for times of uncertainty and shocks that will undoubtedly be brought by the further evolution of technology.

Therefore, it is important that we all - decision-makers, experts, entrepreneurs, and citizens - fully understand the significance and potential of this strategic project. That we support its implementation with our knowledge, experience, and resources. And that we patiently and consistently build a cybersecurity culture that will become our national specialty and source of competitive advantage.

The NASK Cybersecurity Center is a project that can change the face of Polish cyberspace. But its ultimate success depends on all of us - on our readiness to cooperate, innovate, and continuously improve. We face a great challenge, but also an enormous opportunity. An opportunity to build a safe and prosperous Poland in the digital world. Let’s not waste it.

Learn key terms related to this article in our cybersecurity glossary:

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