#NIS2
65 articles
How often should you run penetration tests? Four triggers instead of a calendar
"Once a year" is a calendar answer to an engineering question. This text shows where regulation genuinely states a figure, where it does not despite common belief, and which four events should trigger a test regardless of the anniversary of the previous one.
Is ISO 27001 enough for NIS2? What mapping does not cover
Mapping NIS2 requirements onto ISO 27001 shortens the road to compliance, but it has a boundary — and ENISA draws that boundary itself. This article shows which statutory obligations lie beyond any control crosswalk, using the Polish implementation as a worked example.
Is SIEM enough for NIS2? What remains after the tool is deployed
SIEM collects and correlates data, and that is a genuine statutory requirement. Incident handling, however, is a process with staffing, a qualification threshold and a clock that starts at detection. This text separates the two and shows what is left to add.
ITIL — what it is, how it relates to ITSM and how to implement it in practice
ITIL is the most widely adopted body of good practice for IT service management. Learn how ITIL differs from ITSM, what ITIL 4 changed and why most implementations fail.
Cyber threat landscape 2026: a report for Polish companies in the NIS2 era
CERT Poland registered a record 260,783 incidents in 2025 (+152% YoY), and the amendment to the KSC act implementing NIS2 took effect on 3 April 2026. See what really threatens Polish companies and where to start preparing.
Essential Entity in Energy — a KSC/NIS2 Obligations Checklist and Key Deadlines
The energy sector falls under essential entities within the meaning of KSC/NIS2 — with the highest level of supervision and requirements. We have gathered the organisational, technical and reporting obligations into one practical checklist, along with the key deadlines from which it is worth planning your work.
NIS2 in the Energy Sector: From a "Paper Audit" to Real, Risk-Based Resilience
Meeting NIS2 requirements is not a completed checklist but a living risk-management programme. We explain how compliance "on paper" differs from real resilience and how a power utility should set priorities when not everything can be secured at once.
OT/ICS Security in the Energy Sector — Why the Approach Known from IT Fails Here
Control networks in the energy sector follow a different logic than office systems — here continuity of the process matters, not data confidentiality. We show why tools and reflexes carried over from IT fail in OT environments and how to build protection aligned with IEC 62443 and NSC/NIS2 requirements.
Does My Company Fall Under NIS2/NSC? A Self-Identification Test Step by Step
The Polish model of implementing NIS2 is based on self-identification — it is you who assesses whether your company is subject to it. We guide you through a simple, three-step test (sector, size, role) and explain what to do before the 3 October 2026 deadline.
Essential or Important Entity? Differences in Obligations, Supervision and Penalties (NIS2/NSC 2026)
The NSC amendment implementing NIS2 replaces the former concept of an essential service operator with two categories: an essential entity and an important entity. The category you fall into determines the supervision, the scope of audits and the upper limits of penalties. We explain the differences and show how to establish your own category.
High-Risk Supplier (HRS) under the NCS Act — What It Means for Your Company's Supply Chain
One of the most talked-about elements of the NCS Act amendment is the high-risk supplier (HRS) procedure — a mechanism that may lead to an obligation to withdraw the hardware or software of a specific manufacturer. We explain how it works and what it really means for companies' supply chains.
Management Board Liability under NIS2/KSC — What Exactly Leadership Is Responsible For
The amendment to the NCS Act implementing NIS2 explicitly introduces leadership liability for carrying out cybersecurity tasks. This is a breakthrough: the topic moves from the server room to the boardroom. We explain what the management board is specifically responsible for and how to reasonably limit that liability.
Amendment to the NSC Act (NIS2) 2026 — Calendar of Deadlines and Obligations Step by Step
The amendment to the NSC Act implementing NIS2 entered into force on 3 April 2026 and launched a strict schedule. The first deadline — registration in the list — falls on 3 October 2026. We explain the entire calendar of deadlines and the order of actions, so that you do not miss any obligation.
vCISO — When It Makes Sense and How Much It Costs (Subscription Model 2026)
Not every organization needs — or can afford — an in-house CISO. A vCISO provides access to the experience of a security leader in a subscription model, exactly when NIS2, DORA, and demanding clients start to require it. We explain when it makes sense and how much it costs.
OWASP API Security Top 10 (2023) — complete guide to API threats
The OWASP API Security Top 10 (2023) is to APIs today what the Web Top 10 was a decade ago — a shared language for development teams, pentesters and compliance functions. Except that an API is a different attack surface than a classic web application.
ENISA Security by Design Playbook — what it changes in cybersecurity approach
ENISA published a Security by Design and Default Playbook that fundamentally changes how organizations approach product security — from design through decommissioning.
What Is Cybersecurity? Definition, Pillars, Threats, and Best Practices
Cybersecurity is the protection of systems, networks, and data against digital threats. Learn about the pillars, threats, and best practices.
The President Signed the KSC Act — The End of Postponing Cybersecurity
On February 19, 2026, President Nawrocki signed Poland's KSC amendment into law. LinkedIn is full of posts about it. But here's my question: what actually changed in cyberspace that day? Attacks didn't take a recess during the parliamentary debate. And that's the paradox every board needs to consider.
NIS2 for the Healthcare Sector — 2026 Requirements: What Must Hospitals and Clinics Implement?
Which healthcare entities are covered by NIS2? Learn security requirements, risk analysis, IoMT protection and implementation roadmap for hospitals and clinics.
Cybersecurity in hospitals and medical facilities — a guide for management boards
Hospitals are frequent ransomware and medical data theft targets. Learn how healthcare boards can manage cybersecurity risk and protect patient data and care.
Security Policies — Why Internet Templates Don't Work
How to write security policies people actually read and follow? 5 essential policies, document hierarchy, RACI, implementation. Expert guide by nFlo.
Cloud Compliance Checklist — Legal Requirements for Cloud Environments
A complete regulatory compliance checklist for cloud environments — from GDPR through NIS2 to DORA. Legal requirements, shared responsibility model, and practical implementation steps.
Wipers — Destructive Malware Attacks: Defending Against Threats Aimed at Destruction
Wipers don't demand ransom — they destroy data permanently. Learn what wiper malware is, how it differs from ransomware, and what defenses stop these attacks.
The new era of ClickFix social engineering — what every IT manager should know
ClickFix bypasses traditional controls with serious business consequences. Learn attack costs, NIS2 implications, and practical steps to protect your organization.
Cyberattack on Polish Energy Sector (December 2025): Lessons for Corporate Boards
The December 2025 cyberattack on Polish energy infrastructure exposed critical vulnerabilities. Discover what happened and the key lessons for every company board.
Crisis Communication After a Cyberattack — How to Inform Clients, Regulators, and the Media
How to communicate after a cyberattack? Learn NIS2 and GDPR requirements, reporting deadlines, media communication strategies, and common mistakes boards often make.
Cybersecurity Trends 2026 — What Awaits Organizations in the Coming Year
What will dominate cybersecurity in 2026? AI-driven attacks, identity-first security, platform consolidation, and NIS2, DORA, and CRA enforcement — for IT leaders.
UKSC Amendment 2025/2026: Key Changes and Conclusions — from Draft to Law
Comprehensive guide to Poland's National Cybersecurity System Act amendment implementing NIS2. Legislative status, key changes, and practical insights for businesses.
Cybersecurity Checklist for Energy Sector — 2026
Complete cybersecurity checklist for the energy sector in 2026. 50+ items covering IT/OT segmentation, monitoring, NIS2 compliance, and SCADA protection.
How to Conduct OT Security Audit in Energy Company
Complete guide to OT/ICS security audits in the energy sector. Methodology, scope, tools, and reporting aligned with IEC 62443 and NIS2 requirements.
How to Implement SOC in Energy Sector
Practical guide to implementing a Security Operations Center in energy companies. IT/OT monitoring, industrial protocols, SIEM integration, and SOC model selection.
NIS2 for Energy Sector: Requirements and Step-by-Step Implementation
Practical guide to implementing the NIS2 directive in the energy sector. Requirements for critical infrastructure operators, compliance timeline, and implementation checklist.
Cybersecurity Risk Assessment — The Foundation of Every Security Program
How to conduct a cybersecurity risk assessment? ISO 27005, NIST RMF, FAIR, MITRE ATT&CK, risk matrices and security roadmaps. Expert guide by nFlo.
Business Continuity Plan (BCP) and Disaster Recovery (DRP) — A Practical Guide
Practical BCP/DRP guide: BIA, RTO/RPO, 3-2-1-1 backup strategies, DR plan testing, NIS2/DORA requirements. Case study: ransomware recovery in 4 hours.
ICT supply chain security — how to audit vendors in the NIS2 era
NIS2 requires auditing ICT supplier security. Learn how to assess technology supply chain risk, evaluate vendors, and meet NIS2 directive requirements effectively.
Pharma Cybersecurity Checklist 2026 — Complete Control List
Complete cybersecurity checklist for pharmaceutical companies in 2026. 50+ points covering IT, OT, GMP, and NIS2.
Telecom Cybersecurity Checklist 2026 — Complete Control List
Complete cybersecurity checklist for telecom operators in 2026. Infrastructure, subscriber data, NIS2 compliance.
NIS2 for Pharma — Requirements and Step-by-Step Implementation
NIS2 directive imposes new cybersecurity obligations on pharmaceutical companies. Check requirements, deadlines, and implementation plan.
NIS2 for the insurance sector — obligations and implementation
How does the NIS2 directive affect the insurance sector? Cybersecurity obligations, incident reporting, supply chain risk management, and penalties for non-compliance.
NIS2 for Telecom — Requirements and Implementation Guide
NIS2 imposes strict cybersecurity requirements on telecom operators. Check obligations, penalties, and implementation plan.
Supply Chain Attacks in Manufacturing: How to Protect Your Production Supply Chain
Supply chain attacks in manufacturing compromise component suppliers, firmware and OT software. Learn about real incidents, attack vectors and supply chain protection strategies.
OT Security Audit in Manufacturing: Scope, Process and Why It Matters
An OT/ICS security audit is the first step to protecting production systems. Learn about audit scope, methodology, key control areas and how to prepare your factory for an OT security audit.
Logistics Cybersecurity Checklist — 2026
A practical cybersecurity checklist for logistics and transport companies. 45+ checkpoints across 7 categories — from TMS/WMS to fleet and supply chain.
OT Cybersecurity Checklist for Manufacturing 2026: 50 Control Points
A comprehensive OT cybersecurity checklist for manufacturing companies in 2026. 50 control points across 8 categories: segmentation, monitoring, access, backup, IR, compliance, supply chain and training.
NIS2 for Logistics and Transportation — Requirements and Implementation
The NIS2 directive classifies transport and logistics as essential sectors. Learn about requirements, deadlines, and the implementation plan for logistics companies.
NIS2 for Healthcare: Requirements and Step-by-Step Implementation
NIS2 classifies hospitals as essential entities. Learn specific requirements, implementation timeline, and costs for healthcare facilities.
NIS2 for Manufacturing: Requirements, Deadlines and Implementation Plan
The NIS2 directive classifies manufacturing as important entities. Learn about specific requirements, deadlines, non-compliance penalties and a practical NIS2 implementation plan for production companies.
RTO and RPO — How to Determine Recovery Objectives for Your Organization
RTO and RPO guide: definitions, tiers (from <1h to 72h), BIA methodology, backup/DR technology mapping, costs, and NIS2/DORA requirements.
How Telecom Operators Can Meet NIS2 Requirements
The NIS2 directive imposes rigorous cybersecurity requirements on telecom operators. A practical implementation guide: risk management, incident reporting, supply chain security.
NIS2 for Water Utilities — Requirements and Implementation
The NIS2 directive classifies water utilities as essential entities. Learn about specific requirements, implementation timelines, and a compliance plan for the water and wastewater sector.
NIS2 checklist for the board — 10 questions every CEO must ask their CISO
NIS2 checklist for the board — 10 key questions for the CISO, obligation→responsible→deadline table, non-compliance warning signs. Practical guide for CEO/CFO.
IT and OT Collaboration in Cybersecurity: Team Integration as the Key to Effective Defense
In industrial cybersecurity, the biggest problem is not sophisticated attackers. It is the lack of collaboration between IT and OT teams that opens the door to cybercriminals. Discover strategies that unite both worlds into one effective line of defense.
Why SOC is Practically Essential for KSC/NIS2 Compliance
KSC/NIS2 regulations don't explicitly require having a SOC. However, the 24-hour serious incident reporting obligation makes it practically impossible to meet requirements without mature monitoring mechanisms.
Critical Infrastructure: Protection and Cybersecurity
Critical infrastructure is the foundation of state and society functioning. Learn how to protect energy, transport, and telecommunication systems from cyberattacks.
KSC NIS2 and Procurement Processes and Suppliers: A Guide for the Head of Procurement
Until now, IT purchases have been all about price and functionality. KSC/NIS2 and the SCRM requirement are changing all that. Now the Head of Procurement becomes a key figure in the company's cyber risk management, responsible for auditing and selecting secure suppliers.
KSC NIS2: How should CTOs and CIOs plan for implementation? From audit to implementation
The KSC/NIS2 audit is ready, the board has approved the budget. The ball is in the CTO and CIO's court. This is not another
KSC NIS2 and Penetration Testing: Technical Verification as Key Compliance Evidence
You have implemented network segmentation, MFA and EDR. But are you sure there is no vulnerability? KSC/NIS2 requires evidence. We explain why a penetration test is the best tool for the technical team to validate implementation and prove compliance.
OT incident response plan: Why will a copy of the plan from IT do more harm than good?
Your company has a mature, repeatedly tested incident response plan that follows IT best practices. Faced with NIS2 requirements, the natural reflex is to extend it to your production network. It's logical, simple and... extremely dangerous. In this article, we'll show why directly transferring an I
How to conduct a KSC NIS2 readiness audit? A practical guide for CISOs
The new KSC/NIS2 law is the biggest challenge for CISOs in years. Before you start deploying technologies, you need to conduct a precise diagnosis. We explain how to plan a readiness audit, what a gap analysis must include, and how to build a roadmap to compliance based on that.
IEC 62443: A practical guide to zones, ducts and safety levels for your factory
The NIS2 directive imposes a number of cyber security obligations on your company, but often leaves open the question,
Automating ISO 27001 and NIS2 Compliance: How RidgeBot® Supports Regulatory Requirements
Maintaining compliance with standards like ISO 27001 and new regulations like NIS2 is an ongoing process, requiring a great deal of work and documentation. This article shows how an automated security validation platform such as RidgeBot® can become a powerful ally in this process, helping to contin
SOC as a Service for Local Government: A Security Operations Center in Every Office
Regulatory requirements, such as KRI and soon NIS2, make it clear: you must constantly monitor your network and detect incidents. In response, experts are throwing around a complicated acronym: SOC. It sounds like something reserved for banks and intelligence agencies. Is it even realistic in Polish
What is the NIS2 Directive? Definition, Objectives, Obligations, Consequences and Deadlines
The NIS2 Directive strengthens network and information security in the EU. Learn about its objectives, obligations and implementation deadlines.
Common Misconceptions About the NIS2 Directive
Check the most common misconceptions about the NIS2 directive and learn how to avoid them.
Who Does the NIS2 Directive Affect? Criteria, Sectors, and Size Thresholds
The NIS2 Directive covers key digital infrastructure sectors. Check who it affects and what the criteria and size thresholds are.