OT/ICS Security - Industrial Systems
Everything about industrial systems security: OT/ICS protection, SCADA, PLC, OT network segmentation, IT/OT convergence, IEC 62443 standards. Expert guides from nFlo.
Topics in this hub
OT/ICS Fundamentals
17 articlesWhat is OT/ICS, IT vs OT differences, Purdue architecture
SCADA & PLC
6 articlesSCADA system security, PLC controllers and HMI
Segmentation & Monitoring
11 articlesOT network segmentation, traffic monitoring, anomaly detection
Standards & Regulations
4 articlesIEC 62443, NIST SP 800-82, NIS2 for the industrial sector
All OT/ICS Security articles
CVE-2026-83941: Missing Authorization in Entra ID — A Flaw You Cannot Patch Yourself
A 9.9-rated flaw in Microsoft's identity service. There is no patch to install here - it is a cloud service the vendor fixes. What remains on your side is checking what happened...
CVE-2026-20212: unauthenticated root code execution in Cisco Nexus 9000 switches
TCP ports 43210 and 43211 of the Silicon One integration are reachable in the default Layer 3 VRF, letting an unauthenticated attacker execute code with root privileges on the switch...
CVE-2026-42007: Use-After-Free in Dovecot via Sieve editheader Extension
An attacker with valid credentials can use a Sieve script with the editheader extension to trigger a use-after-free and write memory contents beyond the intended buffer into the delivered mail...
CVE-2026-63586: unauthenticated root code execution in Weidmüller IE-SR-2TX-WL routers
Weidmüller IE-SR-2TX-WL industrial security routers let an unauthenticated attacker run arbitrary commands as root — a crafted username in the HTTP Authorization header is enough...
Is ISO 27001 enough for NIS2? What mapping does not cover
Mapping NIS2 requirements onto ISO 27001 shortens the road to compliance, but it has a boundary — and ENISA draws that boundary itself. This article shows which statutory obligations lie beyond any control crosswalk, using the Polish implementation as a worked example.
CVE-2026-42933: unintended proxy allowing OT segmentation bypass in Pronetiqs IntraVUE (CVSS 10.0)
Pronetiqs IntraVUE versions 3.2.1a14 and prior have an unintended proxy or intermediary vulnerability which could allow an attacker to use an active proxy, which would bypass OT segmentation....
CVE-2026-50517: deserialization of untrusted data enabling code execution in M365 Copilot (CVSS 9.9)
Deserialization of untrusted data in M365 Copilot allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network....
CVE-2026-2395: improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command ('SQL injection') in Xpoda Türkiy
Improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command ('SQL injection') vulnerability in Xpoda Türkiye Informatics Technology Inc. No Code Platform allows SQL Injection. This issue affec...
CVE-2026-61174: unauthenticated compromise of Oracle Product Lifecycle Analytics (CVSS 9)
Vulnerability in the Oracle Product Lifecycle Analytics product of Oracle Supply Chain (component: Installation Issues). The supported version that is affected is 3.6.1. Easily exploitable vulnerabi...
CVE-2026-61175: unauthenticated compromise of Oracle Product Lifecycle Analytics (CVSS 9.3)
Vulnerability in the Oracle Product Lifecycle Analytics product of Oracle Supply Chain (component: Installation Issues). The supported version that is affected is 3.6.1. Easily exploitable vulnerabi...
CVE-2026-1617: SQL injection in Turkmesh Turkhotspot 5651 Loglama (CVSS 9.8)
Improper neutralization of special elements used in an SQL command ('SQL injection') vulnerability in Turkmesh Communication Services Inc. Turkhotspot 5651 Loglama allows SQL Injection. This issue af...
CVE-2026-28304: Remote Code Execution as Root in SolarWinds Serv-U
SolarWinds Serv-U is affected by a remote code execution vulnerability that, when exploited, can allow the arbitrary execution of code remotely as root. The impact is lower in Windows deployments....
CVE-2026-28312: Group Privilege Escalation to Root in SolarWinds Serv-U
SolarWinds Serv-U is affected by a privilege escalation vulnerability. This would elevate a group’s access to system administrator and allow code execution as root. The impact is lower in Windows depl...
CVE-2026-28316: IDOR to Root Privilege Escalation in SolarWinds Serv-U
SolarWinds Serv-U is affected by an insecure direct object reference (IDOR) vulnerability that can lead to privilege escalation to a system administrator with the ability to execute commands as the ro...
CVE-2026-28321: Broken Access Control to Root RCE in SolarWinds Serv-U
SolarWinds Serv-U is affected by a broken access control vulnerability that could allow arbitrary file read and write, which can then be used to escalate privileges and execute code as root. A domain ...
CVE-2026-48561: improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Microsoft Copilot (CVSS 9.6)
Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Microsoft Copilot allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network....
CVE-2026-55944: deserialization of untrusted data in Microsoft Dynamics NAV (CVSS 9.8)
Deserialization of untrusted data in Microsoft Dynamics NAV allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network....
CVE-2026-4769: undocumented unauthenticated diagnostic capability during boot in WAGO System I/O Field (CVSS 9.8)
Certain devices in the WAGO System I/O Field series activate an internal diagnostic capability during the initial startup sequence. This functionality is not formally documented and becomes accessible...
CVE-2026-57710: unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type in quantumcloud WoowBot Pro Max (CVSS 9.9)
Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type vulnerability in quantumcloud WoowBot Pro Max woowbot-pro-max allows Using Malicious Files.This issue affects WoowBot Pro Max: from n/a through <= 14.1....
CVE-2026-61498: unauthenticated root command injection via gen_graphs.php in Vitec Flamingo (CVSS 9.8)
Vitec Flamingo 4.12.2 contains an unauthenticated OS command injection vulnerability in the admin/ajax/gen_graphs.php endpoint that allows remote unauthenticated attackers to execute arbitrary command...
CVE-2026-61445: arbitrary file write and root command execution in PraisonAI AICoder (CVSS 9.9)
PraisonAI before 4.6.78 contains arbitrary file write and command execution vulnerabilities in the AICoder component due to missing path validation and command sanitization in LLM tool calls. Attacker...
CVE-2026-47646: XSS in Microsoft Dynamics 365 Customer Voice
Improper neutralization of input during web page generation ('cross-site scripting') in Dynamics 365 Customer Voice allows an unauthorized attacker to perform spoofing over a network....
CVE-2026-48614: improper authorization enabling root file write via Plesk XML API (CVSS 9.9)
An improper authorization vulnerability in the Plesk XML API allows an authenticated user to inject arbitrary configuration directives, resulting in arbitrary file write as root and full privilege esc...
CVE-2026-41106: url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in M365 Copilot (CVSS 9.3)
Url redirection to untrusted site ('open redirect') in M365 Copilot allows an unauthorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network....
CVE-2026-57621: unauthenticated php object injection in Booktics (CVSS 9.8)
Unauthenticated PHP Object Injection in Booktics <= 1.0.21 versions....
CVE-2026-57679: unauthenticated sql injection in GeekyBot (CVSS 9.3)
Unauthenticated SQL Injection in GeekyBot <= 1.2.5 versions....
CVE-2026-56413: unauthenticated root command injection in StoneFly Storage Concentrator ms_service.pl (CVSS 10.0)
Storage Concentrator (SC & SCVM) contains a command injection vulnerability in the ms_service.pl service, which listens on TCP port 9000 by default and accepts custom network packets to perform device...
CVE-2026-56415: unauthenticated root command injection via debug.pl in StoneFly Storage Concentrator (CVSS 10.0)
Storage Concentrator (SC & SCVM) contains a command injection vulnerability within the debug.pl script that is reachable without authentication. A remote attacker can submit a specially crafted HTTP r...
CVE-2026-28701: directory escape and file system enumeration in Daktronics Controller Firmware (CVSS 9.8)
Various versions of Daktronics Controller Firmware could allow authenticated and unauthenticated remote users to escape the intended directory and enumerate arbitrary file system paths....
CVE-2026-47647: improper access control enabling privilege escalation in Microsoft Dynamics 365 (CVSS 9.9)
Improper access control in Microsoft Dynamics 365 allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network....
CVE-2026-54130: missing authentication for critical function in M365 Copilot (CVSS 9.8)
Missing authentication for critical function in M365 Copilot allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network....
CVE-2026-38714: root command injection in Python configuration function in InHand IR912/IR915 (CVSS 9.8)
InHand Networks IR912 V1.0.0.r20042 and IR915 V1.0.0.r20042 (including earlier versions) were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the Python configuration function. This vulnera...
CVE-2026-38715: root command injection in log viewing function in InHand IR912/IR915 (CVSS 9.8)
InHand Networks IR912 V1.0.0.r20042 and IR915 V1.0.0.r20042 (including earlier versions) were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the log viewing function. This vulnerability al...
CVE-2026-38716: root command injection in Python application export in InHand IR912/IR915 (CVSS 9.8)
InHand Networks IR912 V1.0.0.r20042 and IR915 V1.0.0.r20042 (including earlier versions) were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the Python application export function. This vu...
CVE-2026-38717: root command injection in file upload function in InHand IR912/IR915 (CVSS 9.8)
InHand Networks IR912 V1.0.0.r20042 and IR915 V1.0.0.r20042 (including earlier versions) were discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the file upload function. The vulnerability all...
CVE-2026-36418: Remote Code Execution in JeecgBoot JimuReport
JimuReport versions 2.3.4 and below are vulnerable to remote code execution due to improper handling of Aviator expressions. The /jmreport/executeSelectApi endpoint passes user-supplied input directly...
DynoWiper and the attack on Polish energy: wiper versus ransomware
A coordinated attack on at least 30 renewable energy farms and a CHP plant serving ~500,000 customers showed that a wiper — data-destroying software — is more dangerous than ransomware. The vector was a lack of MFA on VPN gateways. We explain the mechanism and the defense.
CVE-2026-49763: unauthenticated php object injection in Integration for Contact Form 7 HubSpot (CVSS 9.8)
Unauthenticated PHP Object Injection in Integration for Contact Form 7 HubSpot <= 1.3.7 versions....
CVE-2026-48558: OIDC token signature not verified in SimpleHelp (CVSS 10.0)
SimpleHelp versions 5.5.15 and prior and 6.0 pre-release versions contain an authentication bypass vulnerability in the OIDC authentication flow. When OIDC authentication is configured, identity token...
OT/ICS Security in the Energy Sector — Why the Approach Known from IT Fails Here
Control networks in the energy sector follow a different logic than office systems — here continuity of the process matters, not data confidentiality. We show why tools and reflexes carried over from IT fail in OT environments and how to build protection aligned with IEC 62443 and NSC/NIS2 requirements.
Smart Metering and AMI: A New Attack Surface in Smart Grids
Smart meters and AMI infrastructure mean millions of new points of contact with the network — and just as many new entry points. We explain why smart metering expands the attack surface, how an application-layer vulnerability can reach the physical layer, and how to test such an environment responsibly.
Weeks of Undetected Presence — What Real OT Incidents Teach Energy Operators
The most dangerous attacks on energy infrastructure do not begin with a spectacular failure but with an attacker's quiet, undetected presence in the network. We explain what dwell time is, why it tends to be exceptionally long in OT environments, and how to shorten it with the right monitoring.
CVE-2026-6274: Authentication Bypass in DTS Electronics Redline WR3200
Improper Authentication, Missing authentication for critical function, Weak Authentication vulnerability in DTS Electronics Industry and Trade Ltd. Co. Redline WR3200 allows Accessing Functionality No...
CVE-2026-4104: SQL Injection and authorization bypass in Akmer Informatics TeknoPass
Authorization bypass through User-Controlled SQL primary key vulnerability in Akmer Informatics Automation Industry and Trade Ltd. Co. TeknoPass allows SQL Injection. This issue affects TeknoPass: fr...
CVE-2026-9642: Unauthenticated Database Access in WellinTech DIAView (CVE-2025-62582 Bypass)
Incomplete fix for CVE-2025-62582 - an unauthenticated remote attacker can still access configured databases in a WellinTech DIAView project...
CVE-2018-25335: Arbitrary file upload in WordPress Peugeot Music plugin
WordPress Plugin Peugeot Music 1.0 contains an arbitrary file upload vulnerability that allows unauthenticated attackers to upload malicious files by sending POST requests to the upload.php endpoint. ...
CVE-2026-8181: Authentication bypass in WordPress Burst Statistics (plugin)
Authentication bypass in Burst Statistics WordPress plugin versions 3.4.0 to 3.4.1.1 due to incorrect return-value handling in is_mainwp_authenticated(). Unauthenticated attackers with knowledge of admin username can impersonate that administrator...
CVE-2026-42833: Execution with Unnecessary Privileges in Microsoft Dynamics 365
Execution with unnecessary privileges in Microsoft Dynamics 365 (on-premises) allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network....
CVE-2026-42898: Code Injection in Microsoft Dynamics 365 (on-premises)
Improper control of generation of code ('code injection') in Microsoft Dynamics 365 (on-premises) allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network....
CVE-2026-5294: Missing Authorization RCE in WordPress Geeky Bot Plugin
The Geeky Bot plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Missing Authorization in versions up to, and including, 1.2.2. Unauthenticated attackers can install arbitrary plugins and achieve remote code execution....
CVE-2026-25293: Buffer overflow in Qualcomm PLC Firmware
A buffer overflow caused by incorrect authorization in Qualcomm PLC firmware allows an attacker on an adjacent network to impact device confidentiality, integrity and availability...
CVE-2026-32644: Default SSL private keys in Milesight AIOT cameras
Specific firmware versions of Milesight AIOT cameras use SSL certificates with shared default private keys, enabling man-in-the-middle attacks against camera traffic...
CVE-2026-40976: Spring Boot default web security ineffective, allows unauthorized access
Under specific conditions Spring Boot 4.0.0-4.0.5 default web security is ineffective and allows unauthorized access to all endpoints in servlet web applications relying on the default filter chain...
CVE-2026-1949: Stack buffer overflow in Delta Electronics AS320T (GET/PUT handler)
Delta Electronics AS320T has incorrect calculation of the buffer size on the stack in the GET/PUT request handler of the web service, leading to a stack buffer overflow...
CVE-2026-1950: Buffer overflow in Delta Electronics AS320T (file name length)
Delta Electronics AS320T has no checking of the length of the buffer with the file name, which leads to a buffer overflow...
CVE-2026-1951: Buffer overflow in Delta Electronics AS320T (directory name length)
Delta Electronics AS320T has no checking of the length of the buffer with the directory name, leading to a buffer overflow...
CVE-2026-1952: Denial of service in Delta Electronics AS320T
Delta Electronics AS320T has denial of service via the undocumented subfunction vulnerability...
CVE-2026-21515: Privilege escalation in Microsoft Azure IoT Central
Azure IoT Central exposes sensitive information to an unauthorized actor, allowing an authorized attacker to elevate privileges over a network...
CVE-2026-32210: SSRF in Microsoft Dynamics 365 (Online)
Server-side request forgery (SSRF) in Microsoft Dynamics 365 (Online) allows an unauthorized attacker to perform spoofing over a network...
CVE-2026-1346: Local privilege escalation to root in IBM Security Verify Access
IBM Verify Identity Access Container 11.0 through 11.0.2 and IBM Security Verify Access Container 10.0 through 10.0.9.1 and IBM Verify Identity Access 11.0 through 11.0.2 and IBM Security Verify Acces...
CVE-2024-43028: Command injection in Jeecg Boot /jmreport endpoint
A command injection vulnerability in the component /jmreport/show of jeecg boot v3.0.0 to v3.5.3 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted HTTP request....
What Is a Bot? Types, Threats, and How to Protect Your Business from Malicious Bots
A bot is a program that automatically performs tasks online. Learn about bot types, threats, and protection methods.
NIS2 for the Healthcare Sector — 2026 Requirements: What Must Hospitals and Clinics Implement?
Which healthcare entities are covered by NIS2? Learn security requirements, risk analysis, IoMT protection and implementation roadmap for hospitals and clinics.
CVE-2026-20131: unauthenticated RCE as root in Cisco Secure Firewall Management Center (CVSS 10.0)
Cisco Secure Firewall Management Center (FMC) Software and Cisco Security Cloud Control (SCC) Firewall Management contain a deserialization of untrusted data vulnerability in the web-based management ...
Chained Exploitation of n8n: How RidgeBot Detects Workflow Takeover in Practice
A series of critical vulnerabilities in n8n demonstrates how chained exploitation can lead to complete takeover of automation infrastructure. RidgeBot as a continuous security validation platform detects such scenarios before attackers do.
SOC Metrics - MTTD, MTTR and Security KPIs [2026 Guide]
Learn key SOC metrics: MTTD, MTTR, false positive rate. Industry benchmarks, calculation formulas, and executive reporting.
What is a Bot? Types of Bots and Their Impact on Cybersecurity
Bots account for over 40% of all internet traffic. Learn which ones are helpful and which pose a threat to your organization.
Cyber warfare and business: how does online geopolitics threaten your business?
When countries wage war in cyberspace, private companies often become accidental victims on the front lines. Digital weapons designed to paralyze one country's critical infrastructure can spread around the world in a matter of hours, causing billions of dollars in damage to the commercial sector. Cy
APT Attacks on Energy Infrastructure: Analysis and Defense
Comprehensive analysis of APT groups targeting the energy sector. Sandworm, Volt Typhoon tactics, OT kill chains, and critical infrastructure defense strategies.
Supply Chain Attacks in Logistics — Threats and Protection
Supply chain attacks are a growing threat to logistics companies. Learn about attack vectors, real incidents, and strategies to protect the supply chain.
Cybersecurity Checklist for Energy Sector — 2026
Complete cybersecurity checklist for the energy sector in 2026. 50+ items covering IT/OT segmentation, monitoring, NIS2 compliance, and SCADA protection.
How to Conduct OT Security Audit in Energy Company
Complete guide to OT/ICS security audits in the energy sector. Methodology, scope, tools, and reporting aligned with IEC 62443 and NIS2 requirements.
How to Implement IT/OT Network Segmentation in Energy
Practical guide to IT/OT network segmentation in the energy sector. Purdue model, IEC 62443 zones, industrial DMZ, and phased deployment without downtime.
How to Implement SOC in Energy Sector
Practical guide to implementing a Security Operations Center in energy companies. IT/OT monitoring, industrial protocols, SIEM integration, and SOC model selection.
Ransomware in Manufacturing: How to Protect Production Lines from Attack
Ransomware in manufacturing halts production lines, destroys product batches and generates millions in losses. Learn about attack vectors, real incidents and OT/ICS protection strategies.
Cyberattack Scenario on Energy Infrastructure
Realistic step-by-step cyberattack scenario on an energy company. From phishing through IT/OT lateral movement to SCADA destruction — and how to prevent it.
Wiperware in Energy: Threats and Protection in 2026
Analysis of wiperware threats targeting the energy sector. How DynoWiper attacked Polish infrastructure and how to protect OT/ICS systems from destructive malware.
RidgeBot 6.2: Native Directory Brute-Force Scanning, Expanded WAP Support and Unauthenticated SMTP Relay
RidgeBot 6.2 enhances web attack surface coverage with native directory brute-force scanning, extends WAP support to Windows 11 24H2 and Windows Server 2025, and enables report delivery via unauthenticated SMTP relay servers.
Security Metrics and the CISO Dashboard — How to Measure and Report Cybersecurity to the Board
How to measure and report cybersecurity to the board? Learn MTTD, MTTR, residual risk and CISO dashboard practices with a complete security metrics reference table.
OT/ICS Security — How to Protect Industrial Infrastructure from Cyberattacks
OT/ICS systems run critical infrastructure and are top attack targets. Learn protection methods, network segmentation, and strategies for OT production continuity.
Sociotechnics 2.0 - New trends in attacks on the human factor
The era of inept phishing emails from
How to secure IoT in the enterprise? - Best practices
From smart cameras and access control systems to sensors in factories, your company is already part of the Internet of Things (IoT) revolution. But each of these thousands of devices is a potential, poorly secured
OT Post-Breach Analysis: Ransomware Stopped the Factory — What Now?
The screens of the HMI panels glow red. The deafening rumble of the machines has quieted, replaced by an unnatural silence. The main operator's monitor displays only one thing: a ransom demand. It is zero hour. It is at this point that the most important race begins - the race against time to collec
OT Tabletop Exercises: How to Build an Incident Response Plan in Industrial Environments
You already have an incident response plan for your OT network. Congratulations, you've taken an important step. But will this plan work in the heat of a real crisis? Is it just a theoretical document or a viable tool? The only way to find out is to test it. In this article, we'll show you how to do
OT supply chain security: How to check if your new robot is not a Trojan horse?
You invest millions in a state-of-the-art industrial robot from a reputable supplier. The device arrives, gets plugged in and... you unknowingly let a Trojan horse into your network. Supply chain attacks are one of the most serious threats to industry. In this article, we'll show you how to put proc
Purdue Model and OT Network Segmentation in Industry 4.0: How to Protect a Modern Factory
In the IT world, three years is an eternity. In the OT world, a 30-year-old concept is still the basis for designing secure networks. The Purdue model, as it is referred to, is not an outdated relic, but a timeless philosophy. In this article, we'll explain how its fundamental principles of segmenta
OT Asset Inventory and Network Visibility: You Don't Know What You Have — So You Don't Know How to Protect It
Imagine you are tasked with defending a city, but you don't have a map of it. You don't know how many gates there are, where the streets lead, or which buildings are the most important. Absurd? This is exactly the situation many companies find themselves in in the context of their industrial network
Zero Trust in OT Networks: Can the "Trust No One" Principle Work in a Factory with PLCs?
Zero Trust is a revolution in cyber security, but how do you implement the
What Is IT Infrastructure? Designing and Implementing a Solid Foundation for Digital Business
IT infrastructure is the invisible but absolutely crucial nervous system of every modern company. Everything depends on its stability, performance, and security. Effective infrastructure management is not just 'keeping the lights on'. It's a strategic discipline that ensures technology supports business.
The anatomy of an OT security audit at a water utility: What will really be examined during our visit?
The word
Legal Chatbot on a Law Firm Website: How to Qualify Leads While Staying GDPR Compliant
Compliance is more than avoiding penalties - it is the foundation of trust and business stability. Discover how to build an effective Compliance Management System, the role technology plays, and how nFlo's consulting services can help your business operate in compliance with laws and standards.
Chatbot on law firm website: How to qualify leads and stay RODO compliant?
Customers expect 24/7 contact . Chatbot AI seems ideal for answering simple questions and pre-qualifying cases . However, the security of the collected data becomes crucial.
Cyber Security Landscape 2024-2025: geopolitics and cyber warfare
Discover how countries are using cyber attacks as a geopolitical tool in 2024-2025. nFlo analysis reveals new threats and defense strategies.
Cyber Security Landscape 2024-2025: tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) of cyber criminals
Learn the latest cybercriminals' techniques and procedures for 2024-2025. nFlo analysis reveals the evolution of threats and how to detect them.
Radware Bot Manager: Controlling Bots in Web Security
How to effectively manage bots in web applications?
Trends in Telecommunications and IT Infrastructure: How Technology Is Changing Business in 2025
In 2025, IT infrastructure is evolving, integrating AI, IoT and the cloud to improve efficiency and security.
RidgeBot 5.0: A Breakthrough in Automated Web API Security Testing
RidgeBot 5.0 is the first automated penetration testing platform that natively supports HTTP-based API testing. It detects OWASP API Top 10 vulnerabilities, Broken Authentication, hidden API paths, and other threats with zero false positives.
RidgeGen: How Generative AI Revolutionizes Penetration Testing
RidgeGen is a breakthrough generative AI module in RidgeBot 5.2 that combines traditional TensorFlow algorithms with GenAI models. Operating completely offline, it ensures precise risk identification with zero false positives.
IT vs OT Risk: Fundamental Differences and Responsibilities Rarely Discussed
The difference between IT and OT risk is not about technology. It's about the nature of losses, event dynamics, and the boundaries of responsibility. This article explains why OT risk is a different category of risk, requiring a different language, different metrics, and a different conversation with the board.
Bot Management in Media
Bot protection.
How to Secure OT in an Automotive Factory
PLC, robots, assembly lines.
Mobile app security testing: How to protect data on Android and iOS platforms?
Your mobile app is a gateway to corporate data, installed on thousands of devices, over which you do not have full control. Improper data storage, poor cryptography or lack of certificate verification are just some of the pitfalls that can lead to a catastrophic leak. How do you make sure your appli
What Is IT Infrastructure Management and How to Effectively Monitor and Maintain Business Systems?
IT infrastructure is the invisible but absolutely crucial nervous system of every modern company. Everything depends on its stability, performance, and security. Effective infrastructure management is not just 'keeping the lights on'. It's a strategic discipline that ensures technology supports business.
IoT and Embedded Systems Pentesting: How to Test and Protect Smart Devices
Your smart lock, CCTV camera or PLC are essentially small, specialized computers. But are they secure? Security testing of IoT devices and embedded systems is a journey into the depths of electronics, software and radio protocols - an area where traditional pentesting is not enough.
Industrial Espionage in Pharma — How to Protect Formulas and Research
Industrial espionage in pharma threatens formulas, clinical trial data, and patents. Learn attack methods and effective protection strategies.
Supply Chain Attacks in Manufacturing: How to Protect Your Production Supply Chain
Supply chain attacks in manufacturing compromise component suppliers, firmware and OT software. Learn about real incidents, attack vectors and supply chain protection strategies.
OT Security Audit in Manufacturing: Scope, Process and Why It Matters
An OT/ICS security audit is the first step to protecting production systems. Learn about audit scope, methodology, key control areas and how to prepare your factory for an OT security audit.
Logistics Cybersecurity Checklist — 2026
A practical cybersecurity checklist for logistics and transport companies. 45+ checkpoints across 7 categories — from TMS/WMS to fleet and supply chain.
OT Cybersecurity Checklist for Manufacturing 2026: 50 Control Points
A comprehensive OT cybersecurity checklist for manufacturing companies in 2026. 50 control points across 8 categories: segmentation, monitoring, access, backup, IR, compliance, supply chain and training.
Cyberattack on a Production Line: Step-by-Step Scenario and OT Security Lessons
A realistic cyberattack scenario on a factory — from phishing through lateral movement to production shutdown. Analysis of each phase, defense failures and lessons for manufacturing companies.
IEC 62443 for Energy: Requirements and Step-by-Step Implementation
Practical guide to implementing IEC 62443 in the energy sector. Security zones, Security Levels, Purdue model, and NIS2 integration for OT/ICS systems.
IEC 62443 for Manufacturing: The OT/ICS Cybersecurity Standard Explained
IEC 62443 is the international standard for OT/ICS security. Learn about the standard structure, SL1-SL4 security levels, requirements for asset owners and integrators, and a factory implementation plan.
How to Implement SOC in a Logistics Company — Guide
A Security Operations Center is the foundation of cybersecurity in logistics. Learn how to implement a SOC tailored to the specifics of transport and logistics companies.
NIS2 for Logistics and Transportation — Requirements and Implementation
The NIS2 directive classifies transport and logistics as essential sectors. Learn about requirements, deadlines, and the implementation plan for logistics companies.
NIS2 for Manufacturing: Requirements, Deadlines and Implementation Plan
The NIS2 directive classifies manufacturing as important entities. Learn about specific requirements, deadlines, non-compliance penalties and a practical NIS2 implementation plan for production companies.
GDPR in Logistics — Customer and Driver Data Protection
Logistics companies process customer, driver, and partner data. Learn about GDPR requirements specific to the TSL industry and practical steps toward compliance.
Cyberattack Scenario on a Logistics Company — Case Study
A realistic cyberattack scenario on a logistics company. From phishing to ransomware and supply chain paralysis — attack anatomy and key lessons.
IT/OT Segmentation in a Factory: A Practical Guide to Implementing the Purdue Model
IT/OT segmentation is the foundation of industrial cybersecurity. Learn about the Purdue model, IEC 62443 zones and conduits, segmentation technologies and an implementation plan for production environments.
SOC for OT in Manufacturing: 24/7 Production System Monitoring and Protection
A SOC with OT competencies is key to detecting cyber threats in industrial environments. Learn about IT vs OT SOC differences, SCADA/PLC monitoring architecture and SOC as a Service for factories.
How Much Does a Data Breach Cost? Statistics, GDPR Fines, and Case Study
Data breach cost in 2025: $4.88M average, GDPR fines up to 4% revenue, 3.4% customer churn. Cost analysis, reduction factors, and security investment ROI.
OT Systems Protection in Power Plants — Practical Guide
OT systems in power plants control energy production processes. Learn practical methods for protecting SCADA, DCS, and PLC systems in energy environments — from segmentation to monitoring and incident response.
How to Protect Water Infrastructure from Cyberattacks
A practical guide to protecting water infrastructure from cyberattacks. Network segmentation, OT monitoring, remote access control, and incident response planning for the water sector.
SCADA Security in Water Utilities — Threats and Protection
SCADA systems control water treatment and distribution processes. Learn about the key cyber threats to industrial systems in the water sector and proven methods for protecting them.
IT and OT Collaboration in Cybersecurity: Team Integration as the Key to Effective Defense
In industrial cybersecurity, the biggest problem is not sophisticated attackers. It is the lack of collaboration between IT and OT teams that opens the door to cybercriminals. Discover strategies that unite both worlds into one effective line of defense.
Digital forensics after a cyberattack — how to secure evidence and reconstruct the incident
After a breach, what you do in the first hours determines everything. Learn how to conduct digital forensics, preserve chain of custody, and reconstruct the attack.
Board Responsibility for OT Cybersecurity Under NIS2
NIS2 changes the rules - OT security is now a personal board responsibility. Understand the requirements, consequences, and practical steps to compliance.
OT vs IT security: How to effectively monitor and protect industrial networks?
In the IT world, the priority is data confidentiality. In the OT world (production lines, power plants), the absolute priority is business continuity and physical security. Trying to apply the same security tools and philosophies to both worlds is a straight road to disaster. So how do you reconcile
Tabletop Scenario: Attack on Industrial Systems (ICS/OT). How to Test Factory Security Without Stopping Production?
An attack on OT/ICS systems is the highest risk scenario. We explain why tabletop is the only safe method for testing IT/OT convergence and how to involve production engineers in the exercise.
Wi-Fi Security 6 and 6E: How to protect your corporate WLAN from new threats?
Wi-Fi 6 and its extension, Wi-Fi 6E, is not just about higher speeds. It's a fundamental change in the way wireless networks operate, driven by the explosion of IoT devices and growing demands. However, with new capabilities come new attack vectors. Is your corporate WLAN ready for this revolution a
Metrics and KPIs in cyber security: How do you measure and report on the effectiveness of your security department?
How do you prove the value of security investment to the board? Discover the key KPIs and metrics every CISO should track and present at executive-level meetings.
SD-WAN security: How to protect the wide area network in the era of cloud and remote working?
The traditional WAN, based on expensive MPLS links and a central exit to the Internet, has not kept pace with the era of cloud and hybrid work. SD-WAN offers flexibility and cost savings, but at the same time creates new security challenges. How do you protect a company when each branch becomes a sm
5G network security: What new risks and opportunities does it bring to business?
The 5G revolution promises ultra-fast connectivity and minimal latency, opening the door for autonomous vehicles, smart factories and mass IoT. But that same technology, based on virtualization and software, is creating a complex new attack surface. Are we ready for the security challenges posed by
What Is SASE (Secure Access Service Edge) and Why Does It Revolutionize Network Security?
Working from anywhere, cloud applications, IoT devices - the traditional network model is dead. SASE (Secure Access Service Edge) is a revolutionary architecture that abandons the idea of the corporate data center as a security hub. Instead, it delivers advanced protection and high-speed connectivit
Multi-cloud security: How to manage risk in a multi-cloud environment?
Your applications run in AWS, your analytics in GCP, and your office services in Azure. Welcome to the multi-cloud reality. This strategy offers tremendous benefits, but at the same time creates silos, lack of consistent visibility and a nightmare for security teams. How do you regain control and pr
IDS/IPS systems: Why is a firewall alone not enough to protect your network?
Imagine that your firewall is a gatekeeper at the gate that only checks if the visitor has an invitation (IP address, port). But it doesn't look into his suitcase. IDS/IPS systems are additional protection that sift through the contents of that suitcase, looking for hidden weapons - exploits, viruse
KSC NIS2 and OT/ICS Security in Industry: Why Does It Change the Rules of the Game?
The new KSC/NIS2 law is not only a challenge for IT. It regulates the security of Operational Technology (OT) so strongly for the first time. For manufacturing, energy or transportation companies, it's a revolution. We explain why protecting SCADA and PLC systems is now crucial.
Cyber security in logistics and transportation (TSL): How to protect the digital supply chain?
Modern logistics is a complex nervous system based on real-time data. One cyberattack can disrupt the entire supply chain, causing delays, financial losses and chaos. From warehouse management systems (WMS) to GPS in trucks, how do you secure the infrastructure on which global trade depends?
Zero Trust in practice - how to implement the zero trust model in your organization
Never trust, always verify. The Zero Trust model assumes the attacker is already in the network. Learn how to practically implement this strategy.
IIoT Security in Industry: How to Secure Smart Sensors Before They Become a Gateway for Attackers
The Industry 4.0 revolution is happening before our eyes. Thousands of smart sensors, gateways and edge devices (Edge AI) are hitting the factory floors, promising unprecedented optimization and data insights. But this revolution has its dark side. Each of these small, low-cost, internet-connected d
Backup that saves production: 3 disaster recovery scenarios for SCADA and PLC systems after an attack
Imagine that, despite the best security measures, a ransomware attack broke through your defenses and encrypted key control systems. Production stalls. Hackers demand a ransom. At this point, your company is faced with two paths: panic and gigantic losses, or calm and methodically launch a recovery
OT Cybersecurity Myths: Is a Firewall Enough? 5 Myths About Security
Many myths - half-truths and outdated beliefs that give a false sense of security - still circulate in conversations about production network security.
Zero Trust OT — Factory Implementation: A Step-by-Step Guide
Zero Trust is a revolution in cyber security, but how do you implement the
Risk assessment in OT: Why is CVSS not enough and how to assess the real risk to the production process?
Your vulnerability scanner has generated a report with hundreds of
How to implement NIS2 and not go crazy? Use regulation as leverage to get a budget for OT security
You see the list of NIS2 directive requirements and feel a growing frustration. More tasks, more responsibilities, and the budget and resources are still the same. It's a natural reaction. But what if we told you that this regulation is the best thing that could have happened to your security progra
OT Network Attack Vectors in Industry: 7 Most Common Paths to Production Floors
Imagine your factory as a fortress. You've invested in solid walls and a main gate. But have you thought about all the other hidden entrances? About the service tunnel through which maintenance workers pass? About the small window in the pantry? About the deliveries that enter without inspection? At
OT Security Governance: How to Build a Structure Where IT, OT, and the Board Speak with One Voice
Critical vulnerability detected in SCADA system. The IT team says it's an OT problem. The OT team responds that they don't have the budget or people for cyber security. Management is frustrated, and the risk grows by the hour. Sound familiar? This paralysis is a typical symptom of a lack of organiza
The human factor in OT security: How to train engineers not to let threats in via USB?
You invest in state-of-the-art firewalls and detection systems, but your entire defense strategy can collapse because of one inconspicuous flash drive inserted into the wrong USB port. In the world of operational technology, humans are often the last and most important line of defense. Unfortunately
Business Continuity Plan (BCP) for OT: What if the main control system is unavailable for 24 hours?
Imagine that a cyberattack has completely crippled your central production control system. The incident response team is fighting the threat, but it will take at least 24 hours to restore your systems. What happens to your company during that time? Does production come to a complete standstill, gene
OT incident response plan: Why will a copy of the plan from IT do more harm than good?
Your company has a mature, repeatedly tested incident response plan that follows IT best practices. Faced with NIS2 requirements, the natural reflex is to extend it to your production network. It's logical, simple and... extremely dangerous. In this article, we'll show why directly transferring an I
OT Incident Response: Why the IT-OT Conflict Can Be More Dangerous Than the Cyberattack Itself
Imagine the scene: a security monitoring system detects malware in a network segment controlling welding robots. The IT team's reaction is immediate:
The Air Gap Myth: Industrial Network Security in the Age of IT/OT Convergence
Do you believe your production network is secure because it is physically isolated from the rest of the world? This is one of the most dangerous myths in industrial cyber security. The truth is that the
IT vs OT Conflict in Industrial Cybersecurity: Why Your Teams Can't See Eye to Eye
Are you implementing the latest cyber-security solutions in your factory, and production engineers look at you as the enemy? It's not their ill will. It's a fundamental conflict of two worlds: IT, which protects data, and OT, which protects physical processes. Understanding this difference is the fi
Remote access to SCADA: How to enable service technicians to work without opening the door for hackers?
It's two in the morning, and a key machine on the production line breaks down. The only specialist who can fix it is 500 kilometers away. Remote access can save production and prevent gigantic losses. But one unsecured connection can also open the door to an attack that will cause an even bigger dis
OT Vulnerability Management: Legacy Systems — My PLC Controller Can't Be Updated
Your IT department sends you an urgent alert about a critical vulnerability in your SCADA system with a recommendation to
AI, GDPR and Ethics: How Do Law Firms Handle LegalTech Dilemmas?
Implementing AI in a law firm brings not only benefits but also enormous responsibility. The risk of breaching attorney-client privilege in ChatGPT, AI 'hallucinations' in court filings, or AI Act compliance – these are the dilemmas every modern lawyer faces today.
AI and Knowledge Management in a Law Firm: The Biggest Challenge Is Security
Law firms are struggling with scattered knowledge . An in-house AI assistant that searches the archives seems an ideal solution . However, the biggest barrier remains concerns about confidentiality and security .
OT Network Segmentation with Transparent Firewall: How to Divide a Flat Network Without Stopping Production
Every security expert says you need to segment your OT network. But what if you have an old,
What is GitHub Copilot and how to use it?
Artificial intelligence is entering the world of software development with a force that is forever changing the way developers work. One of the most groundbreaking tools that has come to symbolize this revolution is GitHub Copilot....
RODO and Cyber Security: How do you prepare your IT infrastructure for compliance?
RODO compliance is not just a task for lawyers and data protection officers. It is a fundamental challenge for every IT department. The regulation explicitly requires the implementation of
What is incognito mode and how to use private browsing safely?
Incognito mode does not provide complete anonymity. Our guide explains how it works, what data it hides, and why it doesn't protect you from monitoring at work. Understand its limitations and take care of real security with nFlo.
Why You Need an Application Diagnostics System
Learn why you need an application diagnostics system. Discover the benefits of monitoring and diagnosing application performance to ensure their reliability and efficiency.
OT Cybersecurity Audit for Water Utilities: The Key to Securing a PLN 1.3M Grant
The
IEC 62443: A practical guide to zones, ducts and safety levels for your factory
The NIS2 directive imposes a number of cyber security obligations on your company, but often leaves open the question,
What is risk management? A complete guide for boards and managers
Success in business is not about avoiding risks, but managing them consciously and intelligently. In a volatile world, the ability to identify, assess and respond to risks becomes a key competitive advantage. This complete guide is a roadmap for leaders. We explain step by step what risk management
What is SCADA? A complete guide to industrial systems security
SCADA systems are digital nerve centers that control our critical infrastructure - from power plants to waterworks to production lines. Their reliability and security have a direct impact on our daily lives. This complete guide is an in-depth look at the world of SCADA. We explain how they work, why
Continuous Security Validation: What Is the "Risk Window" in Cybersecurity and Where Does It Come From?
Your company just passed its annual penetration test and received a
What is CTEM? How to implement a continuous exposure management program with RidgeBot®
Traditional vulnerability management is a thing of the past. The future of mature cybersecurity is CTEM - continuous threat exposure management....
Verified Risk vs Vulnerabilities: How RidgeBot Eliminates False Alarms Through Exploit Validation
Your vulnerability scanner has generated a 300-page report showing thousands of potential problems. Where to start? Which are real risks and which are just theoretical hype? This article explains the key difference between a vulnerability and a verified business risk. We'll show how the RidgeBot® ap
RidgeBot® in DevSecOps: How to Balance DevOps Speed with CI/CD Security?
Development teams are working under tremendous pressure to deliver new features quickly and efficiently. Incorporating time-consuming, manual security testing into this process is a huge challenge. This article shows how automated penetration testing platforms, such as RidgeBot®, are becoming an
IT vs OT: 5 key security differences every manager needs to understand
A silent time bomb is ticking in thousands of Polish enterprises. It is the uncontrolled merging of the office IT network with the world of operational technology (OT) on the shop floor. Managing the two in the same way is a straight road to operational and financial disaster. This article explains
Automating ISO 27001 and NIS2 Compliance: How RidgeBot® Supports Regulatory Requirements
Maintaining compliance with standards like ISO 27001 and new regulations like NIS2 is an ongoing process, requiring a great deal of work and documentation. This article shows how an automated security validation platform such as RidgeBot® can become a powerful ally in this process, helping to contin
Vulnerability prioritization in practice
Learn how to effectively prioritize vulnerabilities, focusing on the real risk to your organization. Learn methods for assessing and managing vulnerabilities.
Web Application Penetration Testing: OWASP Methodology and Why It Matters
Discover how OWASP-compliant web application penetration testing helps identify and eliminate security vulnerabilities, protecting your data.
Data Protection and Software: Effectiveness Is Not Enough, Simplicity Is Needed
Learn why effectiveness is not enough in data and software protection. Discover the importance of simplicity in security solutions that are effective and easy to use.
Server virtualization: from basics to advanced techniques
Server virtualization is a way to optimize IT resources and reduce costs. Find out how it works and what benefits it can bring to your company.
RidgeBot: Automated penetration testing and security validation
RidgeBot is an advanced automated penetration testing tool. See how it can help you detect and validate IT security.
E-Commerce Pentests: Specific Threats and Penetration Testing Requirements for Online Stores
Online stores combine payment data, personal information, and financial transactions - an ideal combination for cybercriminals. Learn how professional pentests help secure e-commerce platforms.
SLA and Quality Metrics in Pentest Services: How to Measure Test Effectiveness
Without measurable criteria, it's hard to assess whether you're getting value for money spent on pentests. Learn the metrics and SLAs that enable objective service quality assessment.
How Does Artificial Intelligence Think? Deep Analysis of the RidgeBot Engine
The term 'artificial intelligence' is used in every context today, often as an empty marketing slogan. But what does it really mean when we talk about AI in the context of offensive cybersecurity? This article is a unique, deep dive into the 'brain' of the RidgeBot platform – the AI engine RidgeBrain.
TCP - A Comprehensive Guide to the Transmission Control Protocol: From the Basics to Advanced Mechanisms of Operation
Learn the basics and advanced mechanisms of the TCP protocol, crucial for reliable data transmission in computer networks.
RidgeBot 6.0: AWS and Windows Pentesting for Enterprise — Next-Gen Security Auditing
RidgeBot 6.0 is a breakthrough version for enterprises, introducing AWS Security Audit and Windows Authenticated Pentest. The platform offers context-aware security validation covering IT, OT, and AI infrastructure.
RidgeSphere: Multi-Client Security Management for MSSPs and Large Organizations
RidgeSphere enables Managed Security Service Providers (MSSPs) and large enterprises to centrally manage multiple RidgeBot instances. The platform offers multi-tenant architecture, automated test orchestration, and advanced reporting.
What is ISO 22301 and Business Continuity Management? Characteristics and Implementation Benefits
Discover how the ISO 22301 standard supports business continuity management, ensuring companies resilience to crises.
IoT Penetration Testing - Objectives, Vulnerabilities, Stages, Actions and Legal Regulations
Learn how IoT penetration testing is conducted to ensure the security of devices and networks in smart systems.
What is a Honeypot? How it Works and How to Protect Yourself? Everything You Need to Know
A honeypot is a tool used to detect cyberattacks. Learn how it works and how to protect yourself against potential threats.
RidgeBot 4.3.3
RidgeBot 4.3.3 is a new version of the risk management tool that integrates with Tenable and Rapid7 platforms and introduces new risk categories.
RidgeBot – Penetration Testing Automation
RidgeBot from nFlo: penetration testing automation. Increase the effectiveness and speed of identifying security vulnerabilities.
The Importance of Ethics in AI Design - Why Responsible Development and Deployment of Artificial Intelligence is Key to the Future
The importance of ethics in AI design from nFlo: responsible development and deployment of artificial intelligence. Key to a secure future.
OT Network Security: Analysis, Differences from IT, Threats and Best Practices
OT network security is a key element of industrial infrastructure protection. Learn about the differences between IT and OT security, potential threats, and best protection practices.
AI Model Management in the Era of Responsible Artificial Intelligence: IBM watsonx.governance Product Analysis
Learn how IBM watsonx.governance supports responsible AI management, ensuring compliance, ethics, and transparency of AI models in organizations.
Penetration Testing Automation with RidgeBot
RidgeBot is an advanced penetration testing automation tool that enables effective detection and elimination of security vulnerabilities.
How Radware Bot Manager Uses AI to Identify and Neutralize Malicious Bots, Protecting Applications and Data Against Automated Attacks
Radware Bot Manager is an advanced tool that uses artificial intelligence to identify and neutralize malicious bots.
Beware of Phishing Scams 3.0: The Email You Received May Not Be From Who You Think
Beware of phishing scams 3.0 from nFlo: the email may not be from who you think. Protect yourself from cyberattacks.
RidgeBot Uses MITRE ATT&CK Framework for Realistic Security Testing
RidgeBot uses the MITRE ATT&CK framework for realistic security testing, simulating real attacks to assess and improve IT systems resilience.
Cost Savings Through Automation with RidgeBot
Save on security testing with RidgeBot. Learn how penetration testing automation reduces costs and increases efficiency in threat detection.
Dynamics of Cyberattacks on Companies Operating in Poland
Learn about the dynamics of cyberattacks on companies operating in Poland. Find out what are the most common threats and how Polish companies can effectively defend against them. Discover best practices and data protection strategies.
baramundi Focus Tour Poland 2018
Baramundi Focus Tour Poland 2018 - event report. Learn about the topics discussed, key takeaways, and how baramundi supports IT management. Read our coverage.
Need industrial systems protection?
nFlo offers full OT/ICS security services: industrial infrastructure audits, OT network segmentation, monitoring and threat detection in SCADA/ICS environments.
Related Topics
NIS2
Network and Information Security Directive - requirements for essential entities
Vulnerability Management
Vulnerability management - identification, prioritization and remediation
Incident Response
Security incident response - IR processes, CSIRT, forensic analysis
SOC
Security Operations Center - 24/7 monitoring and incident response
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